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45 Terms
What is the first trimester?
Weeks 1-13
What is the second trimester?
Weeks 14-27
What is the third trimester?
Weeks 28-40+
What is the length of a term pregnancy?
40 weeks
How long is the embryonic phase?
Day 15-8 weeks
When is the fetal phase?
9 weeks-birth
When does the transition from the embryonic phase to the fetal phase occur?
12 weeks after fertilization
What are teratogens?
Hazardous agents (like drugs)W
When is the fetus most vulnerable to teratogens?
Weeks 2-8
What is the origin of amniotic fluid?
Fetal urine
What is the purpose of amniotic fluid?
Thermoregulation to keep fetus warm
Protective cord for umbilical cord and body parts
Allows for fetal movement
Practice breathing movements later in pregnancy
What is the structure of the umbilical cord?
Artery, vein, artery
What is the umbilical cord covered in to protect it?
Wharton’s jellyW
What do the structures of the umbilical cord do?
Arteries carry deoxygenated blood and waste from fetus to placenta
Vein carries oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus
Where does the umbilical cord run?
From fetal abdomen to placentaw
What does the umbilical cord provide for the fetus?
Nutrients and oxygen
What does the umbilical cord accept from fetal blood"?
Waste
What is pyrosis?
Heartburn
What does vena caval syndrome lead to?
Decreased blood flow to the heart
Hypotension
How does the cardiac output change during pregnancy?
Increases and peaks by 30 weeks
How does the pulse change during pregnancy?
Increases
How does blood pressure change during pregnancy?
Decreases slightly and returns to near normal by term
How does blood volume change during pregnancy?
Increases by 40-45%
How does plasma volume change during pregnancy?
Increases by 50%
What is ptyalism?
Hypersalivation
What can happen to the urinary tract during pregnancy?
Pressure from the pregnancy causes urinary frequency the first and third trimesters
What is linea negra?
Dark vertical line that appears on the abdomen during pregnancy
What is chloasma?
Dark, irregular, usually symmetric patterns of hyperpigmentation on the face
What are striae?
Stretch marks
What are vascular spider nevi?
Harmless collections of dilated blood vessels just beneath the skin
What are pregnancy-related changes to the integumentary system?
Linea negra
Chloasma
Striae
Vascular spider nevi
What is diastasis recti?
Separation of the “six pack” abdominal muscles along the midline
What are the pregnancy weight gain requirements for underweight women?
28-40 lbs
What are the pregnancy weight gain requirements for women of normal weights?
25-35 lbs
What are the pregnancy weight gain requirements for overweight women?
15-25 lbs
During the second and third trimester, caloric intake should be increased by how much?
300 kcal/day
What are endocrine changes related to pregnancy?
BMR increases
hCG
“pregnancy hormone” detected by pregnancy testsh
hPL
antagonist of insulin
allows for more free-floating glucose
Estrogen
stimulates uterine development and prepares breasts for nursing and lactation
Progesterone
maintains pregnancy
Relaxin
inhibits uterine activity and helps soften cervix
Prolactin
lactation
Oxytocin
contractions and milk letdown
chemical form of oxytocin
pitocin