PHS Acadec Science Section 1 Animal Behaviour

To be an animal, an organism must…

feed on organic matter, be able to move from one place to another, and be multicellular with the ability to produce collagen.

Why aren’t fungi animals?

They dont produce collagen.

What do fungi produce instead of collagen?

Chitin

What is a mammal? (requirements)

Fur, milk, spinal cord, 3 middle ear bones, brain

Animals with what are considered the most complex forms of life? (Body Part)

Spinal cords

What does viviparous mean?

Gives birth to live young

What 2 mammals lay eggs?

Platypus and Echinda

Binomial nomenclature for Echidna?

Tachyglossidae

Binomial nomenclature for Platypus?

Ornithorhynchus anatinus

All mammals have 3 middles ear bones, T or F?

True

What does Oviparous mean?

Hatches from an egg

What types of animals are ovipourus?

Reptiles, birds, and fish

What does ovoviviparous mean?

Eggs hatch inside the mother, then the mom gives birth to live young

Binomial nomenclature for Penguin?

Spheniscidae

Axolotls scientific name?

Ambystoma Mexicanum

What defines an arthropode?

Lack of a spinal cord, exoskeleton, and they have an open circulatory system (breath through skin)

What is hemolymph

A substance that wraps around arthropod’s organs to help them intake oxygen.

Insects have…?

3 body segment and 6 legs

Arachnids have…?

2 body segments and 8 legs

Mudskipper scientific name?

Periophthalmus Gracilisu

Goliath Bird Eater scientific name?

Theraphosa Blondi

What is the main diet of Goliath Bird Eater?

Worms, but it will occasionally eat birds

What percentage of all animal species are arthropods?

80%-85% percent

Tardigrade scientific name?

Tardigrada

(T or F) Tardigrades are insects?

False, they are their own group

What are some examples of animals that don’t adhere to at least 1 of the 3 rules?

Sea sponges (stationary), Sea slugs (photosynthesise)

Cnidarian is another name for what group of animals?

Jellyfish

Behaviour refers to how animals interact with what 3 things?

Other organisms, internal signals, and the physical environment.

What is ecology?

The study of how living organisms interact with their environment to survive and reproduce.

6 levels of ecology in order

Organism-Population-Community-Ecosystem-Biome-Biosphere

What is a keystone species?

A species that is vital to the ecosystem, without it, the ecosystem would die off

What is taxonomy?

A research field that focuses on classifying animals.

Who developed taxonomy?

Swedish Botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1735

What year was taxonomy created?

1735

Why was Latin chosen as the language used for naming?

It is a dead language, so its rules don’t change

What are the 8 main families of taxonomy? (From broadest to most specific)

Domain-Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species

What is the format for an animals binomial name?

Italicized genus (Capital first letter), Italicized Species (All lowercase) Ex: Felis (genus) catus (Species) Felis catus

What can scientists use to help visualize the relationships between species?

Phylogenetic Trees

On a Phylogenetic Tree, the point where 2 branches meet is called?

An internal node

What do internal nodes represent?

The last common ancestor that animals branching off from each other have.

What is the divergent point?

The moment when to species can no longer breed with each other because their dna has become too different?

The single celled organism that all animals are believed to have evolved from is known as…?

The Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA)

How long ago was LUCA alive?

4.2 billion years ago

Scientists believe that the first multicellular organisms where what?

Jellyfish or sponges that lived in the ocean

Evidence shows animals living in the ocean as far back as how many years?

910 million years

What animal, while lacking a nervous system, has the genetic code to create the components of one?

Jellyfish

What was the first animal to transition from water to land?

Pneumodesmus newmani

How long ago did the first animal transition from water the land?

420 million years

How long ago did the first animals with bones and spines come?

375 million years ago

How discovered the P. newman?

Mike Newman

What is the oldest known mammal?

A small rodent like creature called the Basilodon

How long ago did the oldest known mammal exist?

225 millions years ago

Approximately what percentage of mammals survived the dinosaur extinction?

7% of mammals

Why were mammals successful at surviving the dinosaur extinction?

Their small size meant they could survive on less food.

All animals share the same what? (Taxonomy and classification)

Domain: Eukaria, and Kingdom: Animalia

Animals with spinal cords belong to which phylum?

Chordata

Bass scientific name?

Percomorpha

Striped Bass scientific name?

Morone saxatilis

Spotted Bass scientific name?

Micropterus punctulatus

What do scientists use to determine the relatedness of different animals?

Physical Characteristics and DNA

(T or F) 2 organisms can develope the same type of behavior and not be related

True

Define Evolution

The total change in the population of organisms over time

What criteria determines that 2 species are no longer the same (splitting due to evolution)?

No longer able to reproduce with each other, they fit different roles in the environment, or the have different characteristics from each other

Define Fitness

An animal’s ability to reproduce and pass on its genes, not necessarily survivability.

Natural selection is driven by…?

selective pressures

Positive pressures vs. negatvie presures

P: adds traits to a population N: Removes traits from a population

What limits evolution?

The laws of physics Ex: An animals that is too big would be crushed by the Earth’s gravity

Dinosaurs and other fuana were so large because of what factors?

Abundant oxygen and large prey/plant life

Why can animals that live in the ocean grow so large?

The water supports their weight in ways that air cannot.[=

What is Kin Selection?

Animals sacrificing themselves to save a member that is related genetically to help ensure that traits are passed down.

Why is social behaviour in animals considered advanced and complex?

Animals need bigger brains and sensory organs like chemical detectors or the ability to distinguish the sounds of relatives. This requires more energy and thus, more caloric intake.

What was Baset the Egyptian goddess of?

A protector of the Pharaoh and later, the goddess of pregnancy and childbirth

When did Baset first appear?

2800 BCE

Who was the first person to write about animal behaviour and the connection between humans and animals?

Aristotle

Aristotle was the first person to write about what?

Animal behaviour and the connection between humans and animals

In what year did Aristotle document animal behavior?

300 BCE

How did Aristotle sort animals (like many before him did)?

By a hierarchy based on complexity that shaped opinions of what animals were capable of

What is Ethology?

The science of animal behavior

Early Ethologists used what term to describe how they interacted with the natural world?

Naturalist

Early Ethologists were more concerned with what?

Classifying animals and understanding how they operated, than with specific behaviors.

Before Darwin, who else hinted at the possibility of evolution?

Jean-Baptist Lamarck

Where did Darwin study animals?

The Galapagos Islands

What is the name of Darwin’s book on evolution?

On the Origin of Species

What year was Darwin’s book on evolution published?

1859

Who are the Fathers of Ethology (3 of them)?

Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen, and Karl von Frisch

When did modern Ethology begin?

In the 1930s

The fathers of Modern Ethology won a joint Nobel Prize in…?

Physiology (another word for medicine)

What year did the Fathers of Ethology win a joint Nobel Prize?

1973

What was Konrad Lorenz known for?

His work on studying imprinting behaviour.

Konrad Lorenz was of what Nationality?

Austrian

Konrad Lorenz first saw imprinting in what type of bird?

graylag geese

What type of Bird did Konrad test his theory of imprinting on?

Mallard ducks

How did Konrad Lorenz test his theory of imprinting?

He took newly hatched mallards out of their nest and mimicked the sounds of a mother duck and watched as they followed him around.

What was Nikolaas Tinbergen’s nickname?

Niko

What was Nikolaas Tinbergen’s Nationality?

German Austrian

What did Nikolaas Tinbergen focus on?

Learned behaviours in animals, unlike Lorenz’s focus on instinct

What bird did Tinbergen research?

Seagulls

Where did Tinbergen research?

Northern England

What did Tinbergen discover about seagulls?

They could recognize each other’s faces and voices.

What did work Tinbergen develope?

“"Four Questions”