End of Semester Review

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards derived from lecture notes, creating a study resource to help with exam preparation.

Hypoxia

The first sign indicating low oxygen levels in the body.

Clari

A term referring to altered mental status as the first sign of hypoxia.

Subjective data

Information that cannot be measured or quantified, like pain or nausea.

Objective data

Data that can be measured or quantified through examination.

Clinical manifestations

Signs and symptoms presented by a patient.

Modifiable risk factors

Factors that can be changed to reduce risk, such as smoking or obesity.

Nonmodifiable risk factors

Factors that cannot be changed, such as age and genetics.

Atelectasis

Collapse of the alveoli in the lungs.

Respiratory acidosis

A condition where the body retains carbon dioxide, causing acidity to increase.

Respiratory alkalosis

A condition characterized by low carbon dioxide levels due to hyperventilation.

Hemoptysis

Coughing up blood or blood-stained sputum.

Leukocytosis

An increase in white blood cells.

Leukopenia

A decrease in white blood cells.

Angioedema

Swelling due to allergic reactions affecting the deeper layers of the skin.

Platelet count

Measurement of the number of platelets in the blood, normal range is 150,000 to 450,000.

Hypokalemia

A condition of low potassium levels in the blood.

Hyperkalemia

A condition of high potassium levels in the blood.

Calcium levels

Normal serum calcium range is approximately 8.5 to 10.5 mg/dL.

Ejection fraction

The percentage of blood that is ejected from the heart with each beat.

Anaphylaxis

A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction.

Myocardial infarction (MI)

A heart attack due to blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle.

Stable angina

Chest pain or discomfort that occurs predictably with exertion and is relieved by rest.

Unstable angina

Chest pain or discomfort that is unpredictable and occurs at rest, potentially a precursor to MI.

Cushing's syndrome

A condition caused by elevated cortisol levels characterized by obesity and hypertension.

Addison's disease

A condition caused by insufficient hormone production in the adrenal glands.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

A form of diabetes characterized by the complete lack of insulin production.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

A form of diabetes where the body becomes resistant to insulin or less able to produce it.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

A serious diabetes complication where the body produces excess blood acids (ketones) due to low insulin.

Hematocrit

A measure of the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells.

Hypovolemic shock

A condition where there is insufficient blood volume due to bleeding or fluid loss.

Cardiogenic shock

Shock caused by the heart's inability to pump blood effectively.

Obstructive shock

Shock resulting from physical obstruction affecting blood flow.

Systolic blood pressure

The pressure in the arteries when the heart beats.

Diastolic blood pressure

The pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats.

CVA tenderness

Costovertebral angle tenderness, an indication of kidney inflammation or infection.

Peristalsis

The involuntary contractions of the digestive tract that move food through the system.

Appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix, often presenting with right lower quadrant pain.

Rebound tenderness

Pain that occurs upon releasing pressure on the abdomen.

Murphy's sign

A clinical test that indicates gallbladder inflammation when pain occurs upon palpation during inhalation.

Infarction

Tissue death due to lack of blood supply.

Acute renal failure

A sudden drop in kidney function.

Chronic renal failure

Gradual loss of kidney function over time.

CI (Confidence Interval)

A statistical range with a specified probability that a value lies within it.

Intubation

The process of inserting a tube into the trachea to maintain an airway.

Empyema

Accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity.

Dehydration

A condition that occurs when the body loses more fluids than it takes in.

Fluid volume excess

A condition in which the body retains an excessive amount of fluid, leading to symptoms like swelling.

Edema

Swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in the body's tissues.

Chest x-ray

An imaging test used to evaluate conditions in the lungs and heart.

Pneumonia

An infection that inflates the air sacs in one or both lungs with fluid or pus.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, often in the legs.

Pulmonary embolism (PE)

A condition where one or more arteries in the lungs become blocked by blood clots.

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

A condition typically seen in premature infants where there is inadequate surfactant in the lungs.

Acidosis

A process resulting in increased acidity in the blood.

Alkalosis

A process resulting in decreased acidity in the blood.

Autonomic nervous system

The part of the nervous system responsible for controlling involuntary actions.

Myasthenia gravis

A chronic autoimmune disease that causes muscle weakness.

Multiple sclerosis

A disease that affects the central nervous system, resulting in damaged nerve sheaths.

Parkinson's disease

A progressive neurological disorder affecting movement control.

Seizures

Sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain, leading to changes in behavior and movement.

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

A range of conditions associated with sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart.

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder.

Chron's disease

A type of inflammatory bowel disease affecting the digestive tract.

Ulcerative colitis

A chronic disease that causes inflammation and ulcers in the digestive tract.

Antibiotic resistance

The ability of bacteria to resist the effects of drugs, making infections harder to treat.

Vasopressor

A medication that constricts blood vessels and increases blood pressure.

Insulin sensitivity

The body's ability to respond to insulin.

Epinephrine

A hormone and medication used in emergencies, especially for severe allergic reactions.

Glycogen

A stored form of glucose found in the liver and muscles.

Hypoglycemia

A condition of abnormally low blood sugar levels.

Hyperglycemia

A condition of abnormally high blood sugar levels.

Hepatitis

An inflammation of the liver, often caused by viral infections or toxins.

Renal function tests

Laboratory tests used to evaluate kidney function.

Bilirubin

A substance produced during the breakdown of red blood cells that can indicate liver function.

Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

A series of tests to assess lung function.

Thyroid hormones

Hormones produced by the thyroid gland that regulate metabolism.

Hypothyroidism

A condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones.

Hyperthyroidism

A condition characterized by excessive production of thyroid hormones.

Steroid therapy

Treatment involving the use of steroid hormones.

Antimicrobial therapy

Treatment using medication to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms.

Hemoglobin A1c

A blood test that provides an average blood glucose level over the past 2 to 3 months.

Transfusion

The process of transferring blood or blood products into a patient's circulation.

Autoimmune disease

A condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells.

Differential diagnosis

The process of distinguishing a disease or condition from others presenting similar symptoms.

Diuretic

A medication that promotes the elimination of urine.

Dialysis

A medical procedure to remove waste products from the blood when the kidneys can no longer do so.

Radiology

The use of imaging technologies to diagnose and treat diseases.

Prognosis

A forecast of the likely outcome of a situation, especially concerning a disease.

Etiology

The study of the causes of diseases.

Bacteremia

The presence of bacteria in the blood.

Sepsis

A life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection causes injury to its tissues and organs.

Suprapubic pain

Pain in the abdominal area just above the pubic bone.

Sodium

An electrolyte important for fluid balance and nerve function.

Potassium

An electrolyte necessary for proper muscle function and heart rhythm.

Calcium

An essential mineral important for bone health and muscle function.