The emergence of sports

define the term popular recreation

the sport and pastimes of people in pre-industrial Britain

What were the characteristics of popular recreation in pre-industrial Britain

• Occasional events which were held locally  

• Simple unwritten rules => due to low literacy rates

• Violent cruel and unruly  

• Wagering (illegal gambling) a chance for the poor to go from rags to riches  

• Natural / simple environment used  

• clear class divisions => 2 tier society

What was life like in pre-industrial Britain

• communications and transport was limited

• wide spread illiteracy rates => lower class were uneducated and could not read or write

• people lived in rural areas

• the working class had very little free time as they were always working on land and worked long hours

What is mob football give some characteristics

an unruly form of football played by the lower classes

• Seen as an activity for lower class

• Real tennis for upper class

• Fighter/ runner = lower class

• sponsor/better = higher class

What is real tennis

an upper class activity of the time, with strict rules and moral code

What does codification stand for

the creation of the rules and the enforcement of them  

What is the Industrial Revolution

 major period when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and mining took place having a great socioeconomic and cultural conditions in the UK  

What was the impact of popular recreation on the two-tier class system

	Lower class	Upper class
Bathing and swimming	Maintain health and key functional role for hygiene	Likely to increase skill and health
Football	Mob football was forceful rather than skilful; could be harmful with severe injuries and even fatalities.	Involvement unlikely
Cricket	As for upper class.	Outside & active during summer months, so a skilful game with potential to improve health.
Real Tennis	Not available to lower class, who played simple hand and ball games for recreation.	A skilful, potentially health-enhancing game for the elite.

What does socio-cultural stand for

varied degrees of classes all living within the same area, different cultural backgrounds in the same area

• middle (after the Industrial Revolution)

• upper

• lower/working

What were some key features of sports post Industrial Revolution

The development of the middle class meant that sports rules also changed

1. Rule based

2. Played regularly

3. Respectful

4. Played regionally and nationally

5. Gambling = controlled

6. Purpose built facilities

What happened during the urbanisation part of industrialisation

there was an increase in the number of people in towns and cities

=> more facilities were created for recreation

What key factors during the Industrial Revolution changed sport

• Transport provision

• factories

• Money and communication

• the church

How did transport provision change sports during the Industrial Revolution

• Development of roads and railways = travel to play and spectators => association with a team

•  => increased spectator participation, spectators could follow their teams @ away matches + regular national fixtures => LEAGUES AND CUP COMPETITIONS DEVELOPED

  • Trains became more affordable for lower classes

  • Countryside access improved => forming of leagues and new teams across the country e.g. football league

   

How did factories shape sports during the Industrial Revolution

Influence of factories: owners realised sport = healthy and happy workers => improving working conditions = better hygiene and working hours

Days off to play football e.g. Sundays and half days on Saturdays to play

How did the church influence recreation during the Industrial Revolution

mob version => over-ruled by church supporting Christian masculinity to ensure counter crime

ASTON VILLA, BIRMINGHAM and BOLTON

 Held match day events after church on a Sunday

Church also provided an education to the lower classes and taught them to read

How was money and communications in popular recreation changed during the Industrial Revolution

middle class business and factory owners improved the provisions for recreation and sport through an increased injection of money

• Purpose built facilities, team kit and transport funded by factory owner

COMMUNICATIONS

• People = educated as educational provision in working class improved => society = very literate meaning that communications about sport in newspapers became popular

• This increased awareness of sport (dates of upcoming and past fixtures, results of teams supported via individual)

 

What were some impacts on sport in post industrial Britain

Development of rugby and football was based on. Christian principle of athleticism

Gender changing status of women – before = staying @ home with children – after = less restricted rules of who could play sports + change in attitudes to what women could do

Social class – the emergence of middle class sport = INFLUENTIAL => developing rules and governing bodies = change in attitudes, taste, manners and expectations towards rational recreation

What happened to the status of amateur and professionalism

Amateur = played sport for the love of it

Professional = paid to play (working class as low qualifications)

What was the football association / FA

• Formed in 1863 -> after the formation of FA

• Organised – violence control

• Encouraged by middle class => more of a respectable game

• More free time --> Saturday afternoons

• Increased income

• Spectator provision = regular attraction rather than annual festival occasion

• Played regularly, regionally and nationally

• Increased income => higher wages

 

What characteristics of lawn tennis changed post Industrial Revolution

• Played by middle and upper class

• Played by middle class women

• Private clubs, private gardens

• Wore everyday clothing to maintain modesty

• Skill => less force => decorum could be maintained

• Mixed gendered activity = courtship

• Socially acceptable sport for middle class, non-combat, ladylike, garden party atmosphere

 

What characteristics did athletics have post Industrial Revolution

• Emergence = source of income for lower class (professionalism)

• Mid-nineteenth century --> more strict time keeping had emerged

• Upper + middle class wanted separate clubs from professionalism as it associated with gambling + cheating => more exclusive clubs AAC