AP Human Geo Vocab I need to study

Toponym

Name of a place

Graduated symbol map

A thematic map showing the amount of an object at a set location with a picture/shape

Remote Sensing

The process of collecting information on the earths surface without being present in that geographic area

Global positioning system (GPS)

A global navigation system

Geographic information system (GIS)

A software that stores, captures, manages, displays, and analyzes different geographic and spatial data

Qualitative data

witnessed, observed, and described. It’s not clearly measurable, could be debated.

Quantitative data

Objective data not up for debate, usually number form

Human Environmental Interaction

The relationship between humans and their environment

renewable resources

Natural resources that can be replenished or replaced overtime

Flow

The movement of goods ideas, people, or information from one place to another

Time Space Compression

The process by which improvements in transportation and communication makes places feel closer together because people goods and information can move fast and far

Non-renewable resources

Natural resources that exist in limited amounts and are not replaced quickly enough to keep up with human use

Scale

Size of area being studied

Small scale

A map that shows more of the earths surface, but has less detail details in the data it is displaying (zoomed out)

Large Scale

A map that shows less of the earths surface, but has more details in the data it is displaying (zoomed in)

Functional region

A geographic area organized around a center point often based around economic activities, travel, or communication

Formal region

United by one or more specific traits

Carrying capacity

The maximum number of individuals that an environment can sustain

Sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females in a population

Dependency ratio

The ratio of people who are not in the labor force to those who are actively working

Infant mortality rate

Total number of deaths under one year of age for every 1000 live births

Crude birth rate

Total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive

Crude death rate

Total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive

Rate of natural increase

The growth rate of a population (CBR - CDR), not including immigration

Total fertility rate

Average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years

Stage 1 of epidemiological transition model

people die from almost everything (no modern medicine to fight back)

Stage 2 of epidemiological transition model

Major diseases recede as medicine, food supply, and sanitation improve

Stage 3 of the epidemiological transition model

People live longer, but start dying from human created lifestyle disease

Stage 4 of the epidemiological transition model

Medical advances delay degenerative diseases

Stage 5 of the epidemiological transition model

Infectious and parasitic diseases come back, but for new reasons

Malthusian theory

Population grows exponentially while food output only grows arithmetically, resulting in a food shortage and famine due to overpopulation

Neo malthusians

Concerns about sustainable use of the environment the earths resources cannot only sustain a limited population.

Pro natalist policies

Encourage births

Anti natalist Policies

Do not want births

Ravenstein’s laws of migration

Migration isn’t random, it follows a clear pattern, especially driven by job opportunities and distance.

Interregional migration

Migration from one region of a country to another region

Intraregional migration

Migration that occurs within one region

Transnational immigration

A migrant emigrates from their home country to another country

Transhumance

Seasonal movement of livestock

Chain migration

A process in which a legal immigrant who has become a naturalized citizen, sponsors a family member to immigrate to the country

Step migration

Migration occurring in steps/stages

Guest workers

Individuals that have been given a temporary legal status in a country to work

Remittance

Money migrants send back to family or communities in their place of origin

Cultural relativism

An unbiased way of viewing another culture. No culture is superior to another culture.

Ethnocentrism

Judging other cultures in terms of one’s own standards and often includes the belief that one’s own culture is better than others

Sequent occupancy

The impact that past cultures in societies have had on a geographic area

Traditional architecture

A style of building design that reflects cultural, historical, and regional characteristics of a society

Modern architecture

Style building design that emphasizes simplicity, functionality, and innovation

Postmodern architecture

A style of building design that incorporates historical references and diversity to create a unique look

Placelessness

When a place does not invoke any strong response from an individual

Placemaking

The process of a community coming together to transform a public space for different activities or event events

Sense of place

A strong emotional connection or perception a person has with a specific geographic area

Built environment

Human made structures that shape the physical characteristics of a place

Homogenized (uniform) cultural landscape

A landscape where places looking in increasingly similar because global brands, architecture, businesses, and cultural practices have spread quickly

Relocation diffusion

The physical movement of a culture/group of people from one place to another

Expansion diffusion

The spread of a cultural trait/group of people from one place to another through a person a person contact

Contagious diffusion

A cultural trait spreads rapidly, widely, and continuously from its hearth through close contact between people

Hierarchical diffusion

The spread of cultural traits from the most interconnected powerful wealthy people/organization down to others

Reverse hierarchical diffusion

The spread of cultural traits from the least interconnected wealthy or powerful people/organizations outward

Stimulus diffusion

An idea, trait or innovation that spreads from one culture or place to another, but is altered during the process

Creolization

When different cultures come together and mix creating new cultural practices, languages, or identities

Lingua Franca

A language that is used as a common means of communication between people who speak different languages

Diaspora

The dispersion of any people from their original homeland often due to forced migration

Contemporary/present causes of diffusion

Globalization, urbanization, military, media, technological advancements, and political/economic relationships

Globalization

Trend towards increased cultural and economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organizations throughout the world

Cultural convergence

The process of 2 or more cultures coming into contact with each other and adopting each other‘s traits to become more alike

Cultural divergence

Cultures become less alike due to both cultural and physical barriers

Universalizing religion

A religion that seeks to appeal all people, spread through relocation and expansion diffusion

Ethnic religion

A religion that is centered around a specific cultural or ethnic group, doesn’t seek to convert, spread through relocation diffusion

Isogloss

A boundary that is defined by linguistic differences

Endangered language

A language at risk of disappearing

Dead language

A language that is no longer spoken as a native language by any community

Dialect

Regional variances that occur in the form of language based on local culture

Language family

A group of languages that developed from a common ancestral language

Indo European Language Family

A large language family that includes many languages spoken in Europe, South Asia, and parts of the Americas

Assimilation

When an individual of a group of people adopt the cultural norms and practices of a dominant group in society

Acculturation

When a culture adopts certain cultural traits of another culture

Multiculturalism

When society has a larger diversity of cultures that coexist within a society

Syncretism

The blending of beliefs, practices, or traditions from different cultures into something new

Nation

A group of people with a common identity through shared cultural traits such as language, religion, ethnicity, and heritage

State

A sovereign political entity with a defined territory and permanent population

Autonomous region

Geographic area that is located within a state and has a high degree of autonomy/self govern from the state

Semi-autonomous region

A geographic area that is controlled by another state, but only has a moderate degree of self-governance

Nation state

Political unit where a nation and a state largely overlap, where most people share the same cultural or national identity and our governed under one political system

Stateless nation

A group of people who share a common identity but do not have their own independent country

Multistate nation

A nation of people that live in more than one state

Multinational state

A country with various ethnicities and cultures within its borders

Sovereignty

The authority of a state of govern itself and control its territory

Self-determination

The right to desire for a nation or group of people to govern themselves

Colonialism

When a country directly controls and settles in another place, often taking land, resources, and political power

Imperialism

The idea of a country extending power or influence over another place, which can happen through colonization, military force, economic control, or cultural influence

Boundaries are

Defined, delimited, and demarcated

Delimited

The process of drawing a boundary on a map

Demarcated

The process of making a boundary

Relic boundary

A boundary that is no longer active but still impacts the cultural landscape

Superimposed boundary

The boundary that was created by a foreign state or group

Antecedent boundary

A boundary that existed before human settlement and creation of the cultural landscape

Geometric boundary

A border that follows the lines of latitude and longitude

Subsequent boundary

A boundary that develops along with the development of the cultural landscape

Consequent boundary

A boundary that was created to divide different ethnic groups, religions, or linguistic groups