The Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Gland

Thyroid Gland

contains follicles that release thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which regulate metabolism and C cells which regulate calcium

T3 and T4

direct acting; binds to receptors on mitochondria which increases oxygen consumption & the production of ATP

Hypothyroidism

low level of T3 and T4 in the blood; increased body weight/lower metabolism, fatigue, muscle weakness (Hashimoto’s Disease)

What is the treatment for Hypothyrodism

synthroid

Hyperthyroidism

elevated T3 and T4 in blood; Increased metabolism, lower body weight, fatigue, high BP, fluid build up behind the eyes (Graves Disease)

What is the treatment for hyperthroidism

PTU or radioactive iodine

Thyroid Goiter

An accumulation of thyroglobulin; caused by low iodine in diet

Cretinism

a type of hypothyroidism with infants; causes poor muscular development & neurological outcomes

C (parafollicular) Cells

found between thyroid follicles; secretes calcitonin which regulates the upper limit of calcium concentration in blood

Chief Cells

found in the parathyroid gland (PTG) and releases PTH which regulates the lower limit of calcium concentration in blood

Parathyroid gland

4 embedded on the surface of the thyroid and has chief cells

Hyperparathyroidism

increase in PTH causes excess calcium in blood; cause by benign tumor; causes bone pain, calcification of soft tissue, and kidney stones

Hypoparathyroidism

decrease in PTH results in a decrease of calcium in blood; causes muscle weakness and decrease in the release of NT

Growth Hormone (GH)

Promotes cell division and growth of all cells

Acromegaly

Hypersecretion of GH after puberty causes jaw, fingers, and toes to thicken

Gigantism

Hypersecretion of GH before puberty make entire body overgrow

Achdroplasia

lack of GH; hyposecretion of GH causes dwarfism