CH 23 Study Guide

List the structures of the upper respiratory system.

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx (throat)

List the structures of the lower respiratory system.

larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi and bronchioles (air-conducting passageways), and alveoli (air-filled pockets within the lungs)

What kind of tissue is the lamina propria and what is its function?

is the underlying layer of areolar tissue that supports the respiratory epithelium

What is the function of the mucociliary escalator?

In the lower respiratory system, the cilia beat toward the pharynx, moving a carpet of mucus in that direction and cleaning the respiratory surfaces.

What genus of bacteria causes tuberculosis?

mycobacterium

What is cystic fibrosis? How does the disease present?

affects mucus-producing cells, leading to thick, sticky mucus. The respiratory mucosa produces such a dense, viscous mucus that it cannot be transported by the respiratory defense system. The mucociliary escalator stops working, leading to frequent infections. Mucus also blocks the smaller respiratory passageways, making breathing difficult.

What are nares? What is their function?

nostrils which open into the nasal cavity

What is the function of nose hairs?

trap large airborne particles and prevent them from entering the nasal cavity

What are three benefits of turbulent airflow caused by air moving through the nasal conchae?

as the air swirls, small airborne particles are likely to contact the mucus coating the nasal cavity.

provides extra time for warming and humidifying incoming air.

creates circular air currents that bring olfactory stimuli to the olfactory receptors.

What is epistaxis?

nosebleed

What is the common name for the pharynx? Which two body systems share this structure?

the throat is a chamber shared by the digestive and respiratory systems

What is the nasopharynx? Where is it located?

A region that is posterior to the internal nares and superior to the soft palate and ends at the oropharynx.

What is the oropharynx? Where is it located?

The middle portion of the pharynx, bounded superiorly by the nasopharynx, anteriorly by the oral cavity, and inferiorly by the laryngopharynx.

What is the laryngopharynx? Where is it located?

The division of the pharynx that is inferior to the epiglottis and superior to the esophagus.

What is the glottis? What is the common name for glottis.

“voice box,” of the larynx

What is the larynx?

A complex cartilaginous structure that surrounds and protects the glottis and vocal cords; the superior margin is bound to the hyoid bone, and the inferior margin is bound to the trachea.

What is the function of the epiglottis when swallowing?

folds back over the glottis, preventing both liquids and solid food from entering the respiratory tract.

What is a tracheostomy?

a tracheal incision to bypass an airway obstruction

What are vocal cords and what is their function?

two bands of smooth muscle located in the voice box also known as the vocal folds which are involved with sound production

What happens if food or liquid touches the vestibular folds or glottis?

trigger the coughing reflex. In a cough, the glottis is kept closed while the chest and abdominal muscles contract, compressing the lungs.

Define laryngitis

An infection or inflammation of the larynx

What is the trachea? What is its common name?

The windpipe; an airway extending from the larynx to the primary bronchi.

What is the function of the 15-20 tracheal cartilages?

stiffen the tracheal walls and protect the airway. They also prevent it from collapsing or overexpanding as pressure changes in the respiratory system.

What is the importance of the tracheal cartilages being C-shaped?

The continuous portion of the C protects the anterior and lateral surfaces of the trachea.

The open ends of the C face posteriorly, toward the esophagus. Because these cartilages are not continuous, the posterior tracheal wall can easily distort when swallowing, allowing large masses of food to pass through the esophagus.

What is the disadvantage of the right bronchus being larger in diameter and positioned at a steeper angle than the left bronchus?

most foreign objects that enter the trachea find their way into the right bronchus rather than the left.

Define bronchitis

a respiratory infection, the bronchi and bronchioles can become inflamed and constricted, increasing resistance

What type of muscle wraps around respiratory bronchioles and functions to change the diameter of the airway?

smooth

Breathing is mediated by the autonomic nervous system. What occurs during parasympathetic control?

leads to bronchoconstriction, a reduction in the luminal diameter of the airway. Tension in the smooth muscles commonly causes the bronchiole mucosa to form a series of folds that limits airflow.

Breathing is mediated by the autonomic nervous system. What occurs during sympathetic control?

increases the diameter of the trachea and makes it easier to move large volumes of air along the respiratory passageways.

Excessive bronchoconstriction limits air flow to the lungs. What are two serious conditions that can close airways?

asthma and anaphylaxis

What type of tissue is present on alveolar exchange surfaces?

simple squamous epithelium

What are the names of two cell types that comprise the exchange surfaces?

pneumocytes type 1

pneumocytes type 2

What is the function of alveolar macrophages

patrol the epithelial surface and engulf any particles that have eluded other defenses

What cells produce surfactant?

pnemocytes type 2

What is the function of surfactant?

oily secretion containing phospholipids and proteins.

plays a key role in keeping the alveoli open.

reduces surface tension in the thin layer of water coating the alveolar surface.

Surface tension not only keeps small objects from entering the water, but also tends to collapse small air bubbles.

interacts with the water molecules, reducing surface tension and preventing the collapse of the alveoli.

What process is used for gas exchange in alveoli?

diffusion

What is pneumonia? Why is pneumonia dangerous?

develops from an infection or any particle that causes inflammation within the lung. As inflammation occurs, fluids leak into the alveoli. The respiratory bronchioles swell, narrowing passageways and restricting the passage of air. Respiratory function deteriorates as a result

What type of pathogen is Pneumocystis jiroveci?

fungus

What lung infection does the pathogen Pneumocystis jiroveci cause?

pneumonia

What group of individuals have the greatest chance of contracting Pneumocystis jiroveci

AIDS

What are pleural cavities

are separated by the mediastinum. Each lung is surrounded by a single one, which is lined by a serous membrane

How many lobes does the right lung have?

three

How many lobes does the left lung have?

two

What is the cardiac notch? Where is it located?

angular concave indentation on the anterior border of the left lung

Respiratory exchange surfaces of the lungs receive deoxygenated blood from which blood vessels?

pulmonary arteries

Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs enters the heart using which blood vessels?

pulmonary veins

What enzyme if produced by alveolar endothelial cells?

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

What is an important role the enzyme, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) plays?

in regulating blood volume and blood pressure.

What is a pulmonary embolism

Blocking a branch of a pulmonary artery stops blood flow to a group of lobules or alveoli.

Where is the parietal pleura located?

covers the inner surface of the thoracic wall and extends over the diaphragm and mediastinum

Where is the visceral pleura located?

covers the outer surfaces of the lungs, extending into the fissures between the lobes.

what is pleural fluid and where is it located?

a moist, slippery coating. This lubricating fluid reduces friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces during breathing

Define pleurisy?

pain and pleural inflammation

External respiration

The diffusion of gases between the alveolar air and the alveolar capillaries and between the systemic capillaries and peripheral tissues.

internal respiration

The diffusion of gases between interstitial fluid and cytoplasm.

Define hypoxia

low tissue oxygen level

Define anoxia

Inadequate oxygen reaching body tissues or if the oxygen supply is cut off completely

What is the relationship between pressure and air volume?

The gas pressure within a sealed container can be changed by changing the volume of the container, giving the gas molecules more space or less space to bounce around.

Decreasing the volume of the container increases the pressure. Increasing the volume of the container decreases the pressure

What is the formula that expresses the relationship between pressure and air volume?

P=1/V,

What is the relationship between air volume and pressure law called

Boyle’s Law

Name the two primary respiratory muscles

diaphragm and external intercostals

Air moves from

high pressure to low pressure

Boyle’s Law states

that pressure and volume are inversely proportional (P=1/V)

Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

increases the area of the thoracic cavity, and therefore the lungs, which lowers the pressure

Relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

decreases the area of the thoracic cavity, and therefore the lungs, which increase the pressure

What does contraction of the diaphragm muscles do to the area of the thoraciccavity? How does this change the pressure in the thoracic cavity?

flattens the floor of the thoracic cavity, increasing its volume and drawing air into the lungs. Contraction of the diaphragm contributes about 75% of the volume of air in the lungs at rest.

What does contraction of the and intercostal muscles do to the area of the thoraciccavity? How does this change the pressure in the thoracic cavity?

assists in inhalation by raising the ribs. This action contributes approximately 25% of the volume of air in the lungs at rest.

What does relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles do to the area of the thoracic cavity? How does this change the pressure in the thoracic cavity?

it returns to its original position, and the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases.

Describe the process of elastic rebound

When the muscles of inhalation relax, these elastic components recoil, returning the diaphragm, the rib cage, or both to their original positions

What is intrapulmonary pressure

is the pressure inside the respiratory tract, at the alveoli.

What is intrapleural pressure

pressure within the pleural cavity

What causes pneumothorax

Air can enter the pleural cavity due to an injury to the chest wall that penetrates the parietal pleura, or a rupture of the alveoli that breaks through the visceral pleura

What is the direct result of pneumothorax? (State the medical term and common term).

breaks the fluid bond between the pleurae and allows the elastic fibers to recoil, resulting in a “collapsed lung,” or atelectasis

What does lung compliance measure?

is a measure of their expandability, or how easily the lungs expand in response to applied pressure.

High lung compliance

the easier it is to fill the lungs

Low lung compliance

the greater the force required to fill the lungs

Define respiratory rate

is the number of breaths taken each minute

Define tidal volume

is the amount of air moved into or out of the lungs during a single respiratory cycle.

What can spirometer values help diagnose?

useful in diagnosing problems with pulmonary ventilation

Define residual volume.

is the amount of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal exhalation—typically about 1200 mL in males and 1100 mL in females

Define vital capacity.

is the maximum amount of air that can be moved into or out of the lungs in a single respiratory cycle.

What is Dalton’s law?

the total pressure exerted by a mixture of non-reacting gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases

What does the partial pressure of a gas mean?

is the pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture of gases.

What is Henry’s law?

At a given temperature, the amount of a particular gas in solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas.

What are the three typical parameters that are tested for when performing a blood gas analysis on an arterial sample?

pH, ​PCO2​, and PO2

What molecules bind to iron ions in the center of heme units of hemoglobin?

oxygen

What is oxyhemoglobin

when each hemoglobin molecule can bind four molecules of oxygen

What is the Bohr effect

The increased oxygen release by hemoglobin in the presence of increased carbon dioxide levels.

What is the difference between hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen when comparing adult hemoglobin and fetal hemoglobin?

Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin

What is the difference in bond strength when comparing carbon monoxide (CO) bonded to heme and oxygen bonded to heme?

200 to 250 times greater than oxygen

Name the ion and the molecule in blood that transport carbon dioxide generated by aerobic respiration.

bicarbonate ions

What is the name of the respiratory region found in the medulla oblongata and pons that is responsible for involuntary control of respiration?

respiratory centers

Which centers located in the pons regulate the depth and rate of respiration in response to sensory stimuli or input from other centers in the brain?

apneustic centers and pneumotaxic centers

What is the most common cause of increased arterial blood PCO2

hypoventilation

the inflation reflex that is part of the ____________ reflexes prevent overexpansion of the lungs during forced breathing.

Hering–Breuer reflexes

What is apnea

when airway becomes blocked and you stops breathing durning sleep