Lecture Notes on Human Development, Motivation, and Emotion

These flashcards cover key concepts in human development, motivation, and emotion derived from the lecture notes.

Cross-sectional design

Compares people of different ages at the same point in time.

Longitudinal design

Follows and retests the same individuals over a long period of time.

DNA, chromosomes, and genes

The biological building blocks of heredity that guide physical and psychological development.

Neural development

Rapid growth of neural connections followed by a pruning process where unused connections are eliminated to increase brain efficiency.

Schema

A framework that organizes and interprets information.

Assimilation

Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas.

Accommodation

Adapting current schemas to incorporate new information.

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

1. Sensorimotor: Experiencing the world through senses and actions. 2. Preoperational: Representing things with words and images; intuitive rather than logical reasoning. 3. Concrete Operational: Thinking logically about concrete events. 4. Formal Operational: Abstract reasoning.

Theory of mind

The ability to understand that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from one's own.

Attachment Styles

1. Secure: Comfortable with intimacy and autonomy. 2. Anxious Insecure: Preoccupied with relationships and afraid of rejection. 3. Avoidant Insecure: Dismissive of intimacy and prefers independence.

Parenting Styles

1. Authoritarian: Strict, imposes rules, and expects obedience. 2. Permissive: Few demands, little punishment, and very submissive to child's desires. 3. Authoritative: Demanding and responsive; sets rules but explains and encourages open discussion.

Brain areas growth order

1. Hindbrain (brain stem). 2. Limbic system. 3. Frontal Lobe (develops last).

Kohlberg's stages of Moral Reasoning

1. Preconventional: Morality based on self-interest. 2. Conventional: Morality based on upholding laws. 3. Postconventional: Morality based on self-defined ethics.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

Conflicts: 1. Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. Shame 3. Initiative vs. Guilt 4. Competence vs. Inferiority 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation 8. Integrity vs. Despair.

Motivation

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior; motivators can be biological or psychological.

Instinct Theory

Behavior is driven by unlearned, species-uniform patterns.

Drive-Reduction Theory

Physiological needs create tension (drives) that motivate an organism to satisfy the need.

Arousal Theory

Motivation to reach an optimal level of stimulation.

Incentive Theory

Being pulled toward behaviors by environmental rewards.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

1. Physiological 2. Safety 3. Belongingness 4. Esteem 5. Self-actualization 6. Self-transcendence.

Intrinsic Motivation

Doing something for its own sake or internal satisfaction.

Extrinsic Motivation

Doing something to receive external rewards or avoid punishment.

James-Lange Theory

Arousal comes before the emotion.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Arousal and emotion occur simultaneously.

Two-Factor Theory

Arousal + Cognitive Label = Emotion.

Paternal Uncertainty

The evolutionary doubt regarding paternity.

Parental Investment

The time and energy put into raising offspring.