comprehensive final exam (Modules 1-3)

Which lobe contains the primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)?

Frontal

The primary somatosensory cortex is located in which gyrus?

Post central gyrus

Executive functions such as planning and inhibition are primarily associated with which cortical region?

Prefrontal cortex

Visual processing of form and motion primarily occurs in which lobe?

Occipital

Déjà vu and epigastric rising sensations are classic seizure auras associated with which lobe?

Temporal

Which cortical region is responsible for spatial attention and visuomotor integration?

Parietal

Heschl‘s gyrus contains the primary cortex for which sensory modality?

Auditory cortex (runs between Broca’s and Wernicke’s area)

Occipital Epileptiform discharges are often maximal at which electrode pairs?

O1 & O2

Which structure is most critical for declarative memory encoding?

Hippocampus

Broca’s area is located in which lobe of the dominant hemipshere?

Frontal temporal

A lesion of Broca’s area results in which type of aphasia?

Expressive

Wernicke’s area is primarily responsible for for which function?

Receptive language

The central sulcus separates which two lobes?

Frontal & parietal lobe

Which fissure separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes?

Sylvian’s

The corpus callosum bridges across which fissure?

Longitudinal

The cerebellum is primarily responsible for which functions?

Balance, coordination, and posture

The medulla is response for which vital functions?

Autonomic (heart rate, breathing, vitals), taste, salivation, and swallow

Which structure serves as the main sensory relay station to the cortex?

Thalamus

Regulation of homeostasis and endocrine function is primarily managed by which structure?

Hypothalamus

Emotional salience and fear conditioning are functions of which structure

Amygdala

List the three meningeal layers from superficial to deep

Dura, arachnoid, and Pia mater

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) primarily resides in which meningeal space?

Subarachnoid space

How many lateral ventricles are present in the human brain?

2

CSF flows from the lateral ventricles to which structure via the foramen of Monro?

3rd ventricles

The cerebral aqueduct connects which two ventricles?

3rd & 4th ventricles

The fourth ventricle lies between the brainstem and which structure?

Cerebellum

The Pia mater has which defining characteristic?

Gateway to blood and nutrients, weak, thin

The preauricular point is located where on the skull?

Anterior to the ear, above tragus

Afferent pathways carry information in which direction?

Towards CNS

Efferent pathways carry information in which direction?

Away from CNS

Ethology refers to what concept in medicine?

study of the origin of disease

A syndrome is best defined as what?

Many symptoms acting together all at once.

In a differential amplifier, if input 1 is more negative than in put 2, the pen deflects in which direction?

Upwards

Common mode rejection refers to the elimination of which signals?

Common

Cancellation occurs when EEG inputs are how related?

When inputs are close to each other

In a bipolar montage, phase reversal helps localized what feature?

Focus

In a referential montage, maximum amplitude at one electrode suggests what?

A dipole consists of what electrical components?

Positive and negative

The human eye acts as a dipole because which structure is positive?

Cornea

Attenuation refers to what change in EEG signal?

Decrease in amplitude

Accentuation refers to what change in EEG signal?

Increase in amplitude

The time constant is associated with which EEG filter?

LFF

The low frequency filter primarily affects which frequencies?

Slow activity

The high frequency filter is used to reduce which activity?

Fast actvitiy

Filters affect the amplitude or frequency of EEG signals?

Lowers the amplitude

Increasing sensitivty has what effect on EEG amplitude?

Attenuates the amplitude/morphology

A 60 hz notch filter is primarily used to reduce what artifact?

Electrical interference

In EEG what does the term blocking refer to?

Not able to see the frequency and amplitude

Two equal but opposite charges separated by distance define what term?

Dipole

Which montage is commonly called the double banana?

Anterior-Posterior montage

Electrode impedance should ideally be below what threshold?

10k ohms

CZ is located at which cranial landmark?

vertex

The purpose of an integrity check is to verify what?

Verify the electrode is placed correctly

Blocking during EEG recording is best initially adjusted using which control?

Sensitivity

When filter settings equal incoming frequency, what percentage of the signal is displayed? (LF at 1 hz and 1 hz wave is displayed)

70%

Which filter setting best reduces sweat artifact?

Increase low frequency filter

Phase reversal in bipolar montage indicates what?

A focus

Increasing high frequency filter does what to fast activity?

Attenuates

EEG sensitivity is measured in what units?

Uv/mm

The purpose of a reference electrode is what?

To find a comparison

Which activation procedure has no contraindications?

Sleep

The most common activation used to elicit absence seizure is which?

Hyperventilation

What are three symptom of hyperventilation?

Dizziness, numbness, and tingling in hands and feet, and drowsiness

Photic driving is normally maximal over which region?

Occipital

Photic stimulation frequency typically ranges between which values? (ACNS guideline)

1-30 hz

Severe asthma is a contraindication for which activation?

Hyperventilation

Photomyogenic responses originate from which tissue?

Muscle tissues around eyes

Time locked EEG responses to flashes in the occipital indicate what phenomenon?

Photic driving

Harmonic responses are defined as what relationship to stimulus frequency?

Integer multiple, frequency can be multiply twice like 10 hz to 20 hz

Subharmonic responses represent what relationship to stimulus frequency?

Integer dividend, fraction of the frequency divided by 2

Photoconvulsive responses are classified as what type of finding?

Abnormal generalized epilepsy

Generalized spike and wave discharges are most associated with which epilepsy type?

Absence

According to ILAE, absence seizures typically occur in what age group?

Children

Which seizure type consists of brief muscle jerks?

Myoclonic

Sleep deprivation increases seizure likelihood by affecting what process?

Stress under the brain and cortical excitability

POSTs are most commonly observed during what state?

stage one sleep (drowsy)

Reactivity testing primarily assesses what EEG feature?

See any changes in frequency and amplitude in response to stimuli

AOx4 questions assess which patient attribute?

Reactivity and to see if they’re responsive/alert orientation

The most common and effective activation procedure overall is which?

Sleep

Which activation requires continuous patient cooperation?

HV

Hyperventilation should be discontinued if the patient reports what symptom?

Chest pain and severe distress

ICU patients most commonly contraindicate which activations?

HV,PS, and sleep deprivation

The resting period after hyperventilation is used to asses what?

To find any late slowing abnormalities

According to ACNS, photic stimulation should stop if which occurs?

A seizure

The primary purpose of activation procedure is what?

To task or activity to illicit a seizure

Which seizure type is most commonly provoked by flickering light?

Generalized tonic clonic

EEG slowing during hyperventilation is called what?

HV Build up

How does sleep work as an activation?

Less artifacts and environmental noise background shows synchrony

Which epilepsy syndrome is classically associated with 3 Hz spike and wave?

Absence

Hyperventilation length is typically how long?

3 min

Which response during photic stimulation is considered abnormal?

Photoconvulsive

Bandwidth