Nick JJJJR 18-33

Theme: first ladies + domestic affairs

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vice presidents: Schuyler Colfax, Henry Wilson

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wife: Julia Boggs Dent

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became known among army colleagues as “Sam”

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his father disapproved of his fiancee’s family for owning slaves, and neither of his parents attended their wedding

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children: Frederick, Ulysses “Buck”, Ellen “Nellie”, Jesse

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resigned from the army due to a drinking problem

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home: “Hardscrabble”

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nickname: “Unconditional Surrender”

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issued General Order No. 11, expelling Jewish soldiers from his military district; later described it as one of his biggest regrets

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first General of the Army of the United States

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Johnson sent him to the South to investigate their condition during Reconstruction

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initially supported Johnson, even accompanying him on his “Swing Around the Circle” tour, but broke with him after a series of disagreements

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nominated unanimously by his party at the national convention

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signed legislation that established Yellowstone National Park, the first national park

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appointed more than fifth Jewish people to federal office, including Edward Salomon as territorial governor of Washington (first time an American Jewish man occupied a governor’s seat)

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Poland Act: made Mormon polygamists subject to trial in District Courts and limited Mormons on juries

prosecuted hundreds of Utah Territory Mormon polygamists, calling polygamy a “crime against decency and morality”

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Comstock Act: prosecuted pornographers and abortionists

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Naturalization Act: gave foreign black people citizenship

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Union was completely restored

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for the first time Black-American men served in US Congress, all from Southern states

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created the Justice Department to prosecute the Ku Klux Klan

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suspended habeas corpus in part of SC and sent federal troops to prosecute the Ku Klux Klan

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Brooks-Baxter War: conflict over Reconstruction in Arkansas

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Colfax massacre: 153 black men were murdered while surrendering to a mob of former Confederate soldiers and members of the Ku Klux Klan

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Civil Rights Act of 1875: guaranteed black people access to public facilities

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Public Credit Act: guaranteed bondholders would be repaid in “coin or its equivalent” and committed the government to the full return of the gold standard within ten years

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Abel Corbin, this president’s brother-in-law, was bribed to obtain information about gold and the Treasury

Black Friday: gold prices plummeted and a panic ensued, lasting for months

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Alabama Claims settlement: the Confederate warship CSS Alabama was built in a British shipyard in violation of neutrality rules; settled by the Treaty of Washington

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Battle Ganghwa: American retaliation to Korea firing on their foreign ships; failed to open up trade between the US and Korea

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attempted to annex the Dominican Republic but was stopped by Senator Charles Sumner

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Spanish cruiser captured Virginius (US merchant ship) and executed eight Americans without trial

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trade treaty with Hawaii incorporated its sugar industry into the US economic sphere

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King Kalakaua made state visit; first reigning monarch to set foot in the US

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established a Board of Indian Commissioners to reduce corruption and oversee the implementation of his “Peace” policy, aimed to replace entrepreneurs serving as Native American agents with missionaries and to protect Native Americans on reservations and educate them in farming

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Marias Massacre: US army forces killed Piegan Blackfeet native peoples

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Great Sioux War: started after Sitting Bull refused to relocate to agency land; warriors led by Crazy Horse won the Battle of the Little Big Horn

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despite peace efforts, over 200 battles were fought with Native Americans during his presidency

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Coinage Act: discontinued the standard silver dollar and established the gold dollar as the monetary standard; triggered deflation

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Long Depression: Jay Cooke & Company collapsed after it failed to sell all the bonds issued by Northern Pacific Railway; 89 of the 364 railroads went bankrupt

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created and appointed the first Civil Service Commission: created rules for competitive exam appointments

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signed an appropriation act that increased federal pay for employees; the president’s salary doubled to $50,000

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Whiskey Ring: collusion between distillers and Treasury officials to evade millions in taxes

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Credit Mobilier scandal: corruption in the financing of the Union Pacific Railroad

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set out on a 2-year world tour after the presidency and met with dignitaries around the world

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Stalwarts, led by Roscoe Conkling, tried nominating him for a third term

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on learning of Garfield’s death from a reporter, this president wept

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joined his son’s brokerage house and invested $100,000 but was scammed by Ferdinand Ward

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chose not to reveal his cancer diagnosis to his wife, who found out from his doctor

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nearly penniless at his death; Mark Twain offered him money for his memoir

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following his casket in the seven-mile-long procession were president Cleveland, Hayes, Arthur, all of the president’s cabinet, and justices of the Supreme Court

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laid to rest in the largest mausoleum in North America

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vice president: William Wheeler

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wife: Lucy Ware Webb

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valedictorian of Kenyon College

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joined the Cincinnati Literary Society and the Odd Fellows Club

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served in the same Civil War regiment as William McKinley

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Battle of South Mountain: shot through the left arm, fracturing the bone; left between the lines when his army retreated

Cedar Creek: sprained his ankle after being thrown from a horse; struck in the head by a spent round

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Ulysses Grant wrote of him, “[h]is conduct on the field was marked by conspicuous gallantry as well as the display of qualities of a higher order than that of mere personal daring"

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Governor of Ohio: oversaw the establishment of a school for deaf-mutes and a reform school for girls

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house: Spiegel Grove

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served as chairman of the Birchard Library’s board of trustees until his death

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said of his vice president, “I am ashamed to say: who is Wheeler?"

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presidential election went to the Electoral Commission, which gave all 20 electoral votes that this president needed to win to him; opposing party tried to filibuster but failed, and he was elected president at 4:10am by an electoral margin of 185-184

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Reconstruction ended as a result of a compromise after the presidential election between both political parties

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first president to take his oath of office in the White House

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nicknames: “His Fraudulency”

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"My task was to wipe out the color line, to abolish sectionalism, to end the war and bring peace. To do this, I was ready to resort to unusual measures and to risk my own standing and reputation within my party and the country."

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issued an executive order that forbade federal office holders from being required to make campaign contributions or otherwise taking part in party politics; Chester Arthur refused to obey the order and this president fired him

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reformed Postal Service: stopped granting new “star route” rings (system of corrupt contract profiteering in the Postal Service)

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Great Railroad Strike: peaceful protest of railroad workers after their wages were cut several times; sent federal troops to quell riots

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Coinage Act of 1873: stopped the coinage of silver for all coins worth a dollar or more; effectively tied the dollar to the value of gold

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Bland-Allison Act: limited coinage to $2-4 million per month; he vetoed but it passed over his veto

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Specie Payment Resumption Act: required the treasury to redeem any outstanding greenbacks in gold; restored a single, gold-backed currency

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arbitrated a territorial dispute between Argentina and Paraguay; Paraguay renamed a city and a department after him

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granted the Army the power to pursue Mexican bandits, even if it required crossing into Mexican territory; caused conflict with Mexico but was resolved

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vetoed the first Chinese Exclusion Act

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Nez Perce Native uprising; led to the tribe retreating to Canada

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White River War: Ute tribe rioted because Indian agents had attempted to convert them to Christianity

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embarked on a tour of the Western US, becoming the second sitting president to travel west of the Rocky Mountains

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kept an alcohol-free White House

the first White House reception included wine, but he was dismayed at drunken behavior, leading him to follow his wife’s temperance leanings

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elected a companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the US; served as commander-in-chief until his death

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helped found Ohio State University

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Slater Fund: charity this president was affiliated with that gave scholarships to black students; W.E.B. Du Bois received such a scholarship

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vice president: Chester Arthur

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wife: Lucretia Rudolph

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Geauga Seminary: his future wife was one of his classmates; worked as a carpenter’s assistant and teacher to support himself at Geauga

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wooed his wife at the Western Reserve Eclectic Institution (later named Hiram College) by teaching her Greek

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fought in the Battle of Shiloh (bloodiest battle of the Civil War) but emerged uninjured

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became close friends with Major General William Rosecrans

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a crowd of Wall Street drew him into an impromptu speech the day after Lincoln’s assassination; his speech had no mention of Lincoln

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House of Representatives: chaired the House Appropriations Committee and House Banking Committee; led an investigation into the Black Friday scandal

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implicated in the Credit Mobilier scandal but denied any relationship

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house: Lawnfield

conducted the first successful front porch campaign for the presidency

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negotiated the removal of the Bitterroot Salish tribe to the Flathead Indian Reservation; convinced two subchiefs to sign and the official treaty document voted on by Congress bore Chief Charlo’s forged mark

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developed a trapezoid proof of the Pythagorean Theorem

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only sitting member of the House ever to be elected to the presidency

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appointed Frederick Douglass recorder of deeds in Washington, Robert Elliot special agent to the Treasury, John Langston Haitian minister, and Blanche Bruce register to the Treasury

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assassinated by Charles Guiteau; medical experts have described Guiteau as possibly a narcissistic schizophrenic or a clinical psychopath

assassinated at a train station; among those at the station was Robert Todd Lincoln, who was deeply upset, thinking back to when his father Abraham Lincoln had been shot

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Charles Burleigh Purvis became the first African-American physician to attend to a sitting president

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when told that Indian chief Sitting Bull, a prisoner of the army, was starving, this president said, “Let him starve…no, send him my oatmeal.”