People

John Locke

Believed people had natural rights to life, liberty, and property and could overthrow unfair governments.

Montesquieu

Believed government power should be separated into different branches to prevent tyranny

Voltaire

Supported freedom of speech, religious tolerance, and individual liberties.

Jean Rousseau

Believed governments should follow the will of the people through a social contract.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Argued that women deserved equal educational opportunities and rights.

Olympe de Gouges

French activist who demanded equal rights for women during the French Revolution.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Formerly enslaved leader who helped lead the Haitian Revolution against French colonial rule.

Simón Bolívar

Revolutionary leader who helped several South American countries gain independence from Spain.

Miguel Hidalgo

Mexican priest who began an independence movement against Spanish rule in 1810.

José de San Martín

Military leader who helped Argentina, Chile, and Peru gain independence from Spain.

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian leader who unified Germany through diplomacy and warfare using Realpolitik.

Giuseppe Garibald

Italian military leader who helped unify Italy through military campaigns.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian nationalist who promoted the creation of a united and independent Italy.