PS 100 Exam two

Descriptive representation

a facet of political representation that refers to which

social groups are represented in the legislature; also known as mirror representation

District

the territorial area that an elected official represents in the legislature; also

called a constituency or riding

District magnitude

the number of seats available in the electoral district; abbreviated as the letter “m”

Electoral rules

the laws that set forth how voters choose their elected representa-

tives and how votes are turned into seats in the national legislatureeG

Gender parity

when the gender quota mandates half men and half women

Plurality

referring to the most, not the majority; in single-member districts, candi-

dates win with the most votes

Political representation

a multifaceted concept describing who is present in a national legislature and what they do

Substantive representation

a facet of political representation that refers to which

interests are manifested during the lawmaking process as well as the extent to

which voters’ policy preferences and interests are promoted by their representatives

symbolic representation

a facet of political representation that refers to how citizens’

and voters’ behaviors and attitudes change in response to descriptive representation

apportionment

refers to the

ratio between the number of residents in the district and the number of representa-

tives in the legislature: The more this ratio varies across the country, the more mal-

apportioned the legislative body.

Duvergers law

First law: The majority/ plurality systems tends to lead to a deal parties, since they need parties with a broad appeal.

second law: Proportional rep systems- % of vote you get is how many seats you get, which leads to multi party system.

Gerrymandering

Redrawing them to favor a party

Mal apportionment

Bad ration which isn’t representative

minority groups

Women are under represented in the political sphere

social and legal discrimination

women are 50% or more of the population but less than 30% of legislators across the globe

proportional representation

% of votes is percent of rep you get

redistricting

Redrawing the districts

representation

Voting for elected reps who then vote on laws.

Single member district

One member chosen based on votes.

Decolonization

he political and economic processes of removing formal colonial

governance by Global North countries of Global South countries (also called deco-

lonialization); often also refers to transformation in the informal and formal knowl-

edge and education systems so that the formal colonial governing power is not

merely replaced with neocolonial exercise of economic power

ethnocentric bias

the tendency to view one's own culture as superior and to judge other groups, behaviors, and beliefs based on the standards of one's own, often leading to prejudice, stereotypes, and reduced understanding of other cultures.

explanatory unit

the major relevant entity used to explain patterns of results

historically marginalized groups

groups whose interests, grievances, and voices risk being overlooked in politics as a result of historical and structural processes of

marginalization

inequality regimes

a broad set of political practices, processes, actions, and mean-

ings that (re)produce power hierarchies and social inequalities in relation to social

class, gender, race, ethnicity, age, and so on

logic of appropriateness

The logic of appropriateness is a perspective on human decision-making where actions are driven by internalized rules, norms, and roles rather than calculations of self-interest or consequences

methodological diversity

the practice of employing a wide array of research methods, including qualitative, quantitative, participatory, and indigenous approaches, to study complex phenomena.

observational units

the major relevant entity used in data collection and analysis

Political culture

sets of beliefs and values people have about politics that are re-

lated to how they think about politics, the political values they cherish, whether

they believe politicians can be trusted, how they relate to the political system, and

how they define and express their political identities

unit of analysis

the major relevant entity under study

case study

an in-depth, empirical investigation of a specific political phenomenon—such as a policy decision, event, or institution—within its real-world context

Description

Detailed systematic cataloging of political ins and phenomena- good data helps us understand

explanation

Why,when,where, under what circumstances are politics events likely to occur- inference,

Political culture

Broad set of beliefs and values people have abt politics.

thoughts, values, beliefs about how the political world works in a given location

Political institutions

Set of rules that make up th political game, can be formal or informal

Predicition

science involves using theoretical models, data analysis, and, increasingly, machine learning to forecast political events, outcomes, and behaviors

Quantitative study

Comparing a large number of units to identify general trends

Most similer systems

Cases have similarities but different outcomes

Most different systems

Casers are NOT similar, but have similar outcomes

Bureaucracy

A subsidiary of teh executive, taken with implementing and executing the laws of the state.

Cabinet

The set of appointed officials (often referred to as secretariess or ministers) in a government who oversee specific policies such as healthcare, defense, and the like

Coalition

A partnership between parties who agree to govern together because neither party has a majority on its own

Competitive authorianarism

Political regimes where democratic institutions are put in place, but authoritarian political leaders consistently undermine these institutions to stay in power

Elite networks

informal, mutually beneficial relationships between top political actors and economic leaders, corporate executives, or military officials

Executive

The branch of government tasked with implementing and executing the law nsd policies in a state

Head of government

Oversees the day to day functions of the government

Head of state

The countries symbolic rep

One party rule

One party possesses overwhelming control over the political recess; in general, other parties do exist, but they have limited power ad are kept in check by the dominant party

Parliamentary system

A government where the head of government is chosen from teh legislature by the ruling party, and also serves as the head of state

President

The chief executive in a presidential democracy; serve as both the head of state and the head of government

Presidential system

A government system where the legislative and executive branch have separation of powers