Chemistry Final

acids react with bromothymol blue to turn

yellow

acids react with blue litmus paper to turn

red

acids reaction with magnesium

to generate hydrogen gas

acid are __ donors

H⁺

acids taste

sour

acids react with…

group 1 and 2 metals

acids react with group 1 and 2 metals to form…

hydrogen gas

acids react with carbonate salts to release…

CO₂

bases turn ___ with bromothymol blue

blue

bases are __ donors

OH^-

all acids and bases are

corrosive and can cause chemical burns

neutralization reaction

acids and bases react together to form water and a salt

pH values below 7 are

acidic

pH values above 7 are

basic

pH values of 7 are

neutral

the amount of H⁺ in a solution is a measure of both

the protons in solution and the strength of the acid

strong acids do what in aqueous solutions?

dissociate completely

titration

method for determining the concentration of an acid by adding a base until the equivalence point is reached

finding the equivalence point in a titration means simply..

moles of acid=moles of base

LEO

Loss of Electrons Oxidation

GER

Gain of Electrons Reduction

oxidation

loss of electrons

reduction

gain of electrons

the sum of the oxidation numbers has to equal to

the charge on the ion or compound

in compounds H has an oxidation state of

+1

in compounds O has an oxidation state of

-2

bases are proton

acceptors

acids are proton

donors

buffer

made of a weak acid and a weak base

buffers resist change in

pH

gases are ____ at higher temperatures

not more soluble

properties of solutions

cannot be separated by filtration, single phase; particles do not separate out, may be a solid, liquid, or gas

solvent

present in a larger amount, dissolves the solute to make the solution

solute

present in smaller amounts, dissolved in the solvent

examples of liquid solutions

table salt dissolved in water, carbon dioxide dissolved in water, carbon dioxide dissolved in water, ethanol dissolved in water

aqueous solutions (aq)

solutions in which water is the solvent

suspension

a heterogenous mixture, particles in the solvent are thousands of times larger than molecules and atoms

what do particles do in a suspension?

particles will settle out upon standing, can be separated by filtration

does a suspension exhibit the tyndall effect?

yes-suspension

colloid

particles are intermediate in size between those of suspensions and true solutions

what do particles do in a suspension?

do not settle out upon standing

can a colloid be separated by filtration?

no, cannot be separated by filtration

do colloids exhibit the tyndall effect?

yes

emulsion

colloidal dispersion of liquids

what is necessary for maintaining stability in an emulsion

an emulsifying agent, for example; soap

electrolytes

ionic compounds that conduct electricity when dissolved in water

nonelectrolytes

covalent compounds that do not conduct electricity when dissolved in water

electrolytes

ionic

nonelectrolytes

covalent

molarity

moles of solute/liters of solution

dilute

solutions contain only a small number of solute particles

concentrated

solutions contain large number of solute particles

dilution calculations

m1v1=m2v2

double displacement reaction

a type of reaction in which two reactants exchange ions to form two new compounds. these reactions look like this: ab + cd → ad +cb

precipitation

a reaction in which an insoluble solid is formed from two solutions

precipitate

an insoluble solid that is formed in a reaction

saturated solution

containing the maximum amount of dissolved solute at a given temperature and pressure

unsaturated solution

contains less than the maximum number of solute particles that can be dissolved in a solution at a given temperature and pressure

solid solutes are more soluble at…

higher temperatures

supersaturated

when a solution cools and there is more solute dissolved than the solution can hold at that temperature

water with high turbidity is a

suspension

if a mixture demonstrates the tyndall effect and does not separate upon standing it is a…

colloid

What shape is this lewis structure?

linear

What shape is this lewis structure?

trigonal planar

What shape is this lewis structure?

bent

What shape is this lewis structure?

tetrahedron

What is the structure of this lewis structure?

trigonal pyramid

electronegativity

the ability of atoms to attract electrons to each other

The difference when a molecule is polar is…

greater than .4 and less than 1.7

The difference when a molecule is ionic is…

greater than 1.7

The difference when the molecule is nonpolar is….

0.4 or less

polar

when shared electrons are pulled closer to one atom than another, causing the bonding atoms to become partially charged

nonpolar

electrons are shared equally and the atoms remain neutrally charged

polar covalent

electrons are more attracted to one atom than the other

ionic

the more electronegative atom takes the bonding electrons and becomes a negative ion, while the other atom becomes a positive ion

dipole

1. the polarity of an individual polar bond between atoms

2. the net polarity of an individual polar molecule that may have several polar covalent bonds within it

3. the polar molecule itself

boiling point

the temperature at which a substance goes from the liquid to the gas phase

in the liquid phase…

the compound is interacting with other molecules of the same compound

in the gas phase..

the molecule is not interacting with other molecules

london dispersion forces

the larger the number of electrons the more polarizable the molecule and the greater the interaction

distillation

the process of separating compounds by their boiling points

dipole-dipole forces

the partial positive end of a polar molecule interacts with the partially negative side of another molecule

hydrogen bonding

hydrogen atoms bound to N, O, or F interact with O, N, or F atoms of other molecules

nonpolar covalent

when the shared electrons experience the same attraction from each atom

polar covalent

a bond which the electrons are shared unequally

filtration

the process of separating undissolved materials from dissolved materials

what is ionic bonding a bond between?

a metal and a nonmetal

what are some consistent properties for ionic bonding?

that they are soluble and malleable

ionic bond

an attraction between a positive particle and a negative particle

what is an example of ionic bonding?

sodium chloride, with a high melting point and forms crystals that dissolve in water

what is a model of ionic bonding?

what is metallic bonding between?

two metals

what are some consistent properties for metallic bonding?

high melting point, conducting, no solubility, no malleability

what is an example of metallic bonding?

iron, with a high melting point and it bends rather than breaking along sharp lines

what is a model for metallic bonding

what is network covalent bonding between?

nonmetals and metalloids

what are some consistent properties for network covalent bonding?

no solubility and a high melting point

what is an example of network covalent bonding?

carbon, with an extremely high melting point, and does not conduct electricity

what is a model for network covalent bonding?

what is molecular covalent bonding between?

two nonmetals