AAP exam 1 NWTC lecture

what are the 3 parts of a cell

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

the cell membrane create a simi permeable barrier to what

polar molecules

what is a polar molecule

carries a charge and is water soluable

the 4 electrolytes

Na+ K+ Cl- Ca+

what 2 ions regulate the RMP

Na+ K+

hwo many of each enter and leave the cell in the solute pump

3 Na+ exit 2 K+ enter

in what cells does this RMP become a functional process that allows the cells the transmit impulses

muscle and neurons

what is the first step in the action potential

direct stimulation of a dendrite ending

what is the second step in the action potential

neurotransmitter release at synapse

neurotransmitter release due to _____ stimulates _____ at the post synapse membrane

Ca+, receptors

the action potential must reach what to activate

threshold

(triggers depolarization)

the influx in Na+ will then trigger what to open

voltage gated sodium channels

depolarization lasts only long enough to allow the influx of Na to change the membrane potential to a ___mV

+30

as soon as the ____ gates close the ____ gates open

Na, K

gate open at ____ and close at _____

+30, threshold

in the presence of other chemical swhat allows the K gate to stay open

hyperpolarization

what is the process called that cells use to generate energy

aerobic respiration

what is aerobic repiration

exchange of gas O2 and CO2

what 2 compounds are normally required for the aerobic respiration process to succeed

oxygen and glucose

what is the equation for aerobic respiration

glucose + oxygen to ATP + CO2 + H2O

what organelle is necessary for aerobic respiration

mitochondria

3 steps of aeroobic repiration

glycolysis, mitochondrion, Electron transport chain

what happens during glycolysis

glucose is broken down into 2 ATP, 2 Pyruvic acid, 2 NADH in cytoplasm

we move pyruvic acid into this costing 2 ATP to change it into Acetyl CoA but producing 2 NADH

Mitochandrion

what help to reduce the coenzymes and produce 34 ATP

Electron transport chain

what does the krebs cycle do

consumes the Acetyl CoA and O2 but produces 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH water and CO2

what are polysaccharises

Di- and monosaccharides

all carbs are broken down into what

monosaccharides

what are the end products

glucose galactose and fructose

what are all end products converted into

glucose

what will any excess carbs be stored as

glycogen or fat due to insulin

glycogenesis

liver muscle

lipogenesis

adipocytes

glycogenolysis

the breakdown of glycogen at the liver and skeletal muscle due to glucogon

gluconeogenesis

used by diabetics, starving, or those under stress to produce energy from non carbohydrate sources

lipolysis

produces 2 Acetyl CoA for every fatty acid then changes to ketones

transamination

produces a kreb intermediate and Urea which is eliminated in urine

deoxyribonucleic acid

located in the nucleus of the cell

adenine

thymine

guanine

cytosine

chromosome

tightly packed strands, unusable only seen during cell division

chromatin

loose strands, usable see suring interphase

hymoglobin

transport O2 and CO2

4 parts to a DNA strand

telomeres Exons Introns and Epigenome

telomeres

end segments, protective allow DNA to be replicated over and over

exons

traits, coding segments protective

Introns

buffer between exons

epigenome

covering of a gene activate or deactivate the gene

life cycle of cell

G1 S G2 Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase cytokenesis

what is mitosis regulated by

nutrition age hormones available space genetics

helicase enzymes

begin to unravel the DNA

helicase enzymes pull apart the DNA and create what

replication bubble

semi conservative replication

carried out during s phase

large units that act as the initiating site are called

replisomes

RNA primers

RNA will be used to begin the process

DNA polymerase enzymes

add new base pairs, begin to construct the DNA segments from new strands

the strand that forms in continuity is the

lead strand

the strand that will form in segments is the

lagging strand

as segments of DNA are completed the are fused together by

DNA ligase