SCSC 301 EXAM 3

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What are the steps in the soil erosion process?

Detachment, Transportation, Deposition

What are the types of wind erosion?

Suspension, Saltation, Creep

What are the types of water erosion?

Splash erosion, Sheet erosion, Rill erosion, Gully erosion

What does the variable 'A' represent in the USLE equation?

Annual soil loss

What does the variable 'R' represent in the USLE equation?

Rainfall

What does the variable 'K' represent in the USLE equation?

Erodibility

What does the variable 'L' represent in the USLE equation?

Slope length

What does the variable 'S' represent in the USLE equation?

Slope steepness

What does the variable 'C' represent in the USLE equation?

Crop cover

What does the variable 'P' represent in the USLE equation?

Practices to prevent erosion

What does the variable 'E' represent in the WEQ equation?

Annual soil loss

What does the variable 'I' represent in the WEQ equation?

Erodability factor

What does the variable 'C' represent in the WEQ equation?

Climate

What does the variable 'K' represent in the WEQ equation?

Surface roughness

What does the variable 'L' represent in the WEQ equation?

Field width

What does the variable 'V' represent in the WEQ equation?

Vegetation

What is the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)?

A government program that pays farmers to shift highly erodible land to grasses or forest to reduce erosion

What erosion control practice involves planting grass in drainage areas?

Grassed waterways

What is the most important principle for controlling erosion on highly erosive soils?

Keep soil covered with plant material (living or dead)

Which type of water erosion cannot be repaired by standard soil moving equipment?

Gully erosion

What erosion control practice is designed specifically to control wind erosion?

Shelter belts

Which factor dictates how much wind erosion will occur but not water erosion?

Soil moisture

What is the youngest soil classification?

No B horizon: AC (ent)

What indicates a pretty young soil?

Weakly developed B horizon, Bw (ept)

What are characteristics of medium development soils?

Grassland/prairie soils: deep, dark A horizon (high base status) (ol)

What are the characteristics of well-developed soils?

Forest soils: Bt horizons (moderately high to low base status) (ult)

What are the major soil formation processes?

1. Physical disintegration of rock 2. Chemical alteration of the rock 3. Changes in mineral distribution 4. Formation of secondary minerals 5. Appearance of higher plants 6. Development of soil structure 7. Leaching of bases becomes significant 8. Downward movement of clay 9. Fe/Al Oxides are the remaining minerals

What are the symbols of master horizons?

O, A, E, B, C

What is eluviated clay?

Loss of clay from the surface due to weathering

What is illuviated clay?

Accumulation of clay in the B horizon

What is an epipedon?

A diagnostic surface horizon (e.g., A, O)

What is an endopedon?

A diagnostic subsurface horizon (e.g., E, B)

What is a diagnostic horizon?

Horizons with specific properties that help with classification

What are the soil moisture regimes?

Aquic, udic, ustic, aridic, xeric

What are the soil temperature regimes?

Thermic, mesic, frigid, cryic, gelic

What are the levels of classification in the soil taxonomic system?

Order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, series

What is the order of soil development?

Rank soil orders based on relative soil development

What is the significance of the B horizon?

It typically accumulates clay and minerals leached from above horizons

What are subordinate distinctions in soil horizons?

Oi, Oe, Oa, Ap, E, Bw, Bt, Bo, Bf, Bhs, Btn, Bk, By, Bss

What is the role of leaching in soil formation?

Leaching of bases becomes significant in soil development

What are the characteristics of tropical soils?

Bo horizons (low base status) (ox)

What is the importance of soil horizon development?

It illustrates changes in soil properties over time in specific environments

What is a transition horizon?

Examples include AB, BA, EB, BE, BC, CB

What are mixed layers in soil horizons?

Examples include E/B, B/E, A/C, A/B

What is the temperature regime of soil?

Classification of soil's mean annual temperature.

What are the types of temperature regimes?

Hyperthermic, thermic, mesic, frigid, cryic, gelic.

What is a map unit in soil classification?

A collection of areas that have the same soil components.

What is an area of interest in soil evaluation?

A region identified to evaluate soil properties, usually a single managed unit.

What are the major features of mollic epipedon?

Dark, thick, soft, and high in bases.

What are the major features of umbric epipedon?

Dark, thick, soft, and high in bases.

What are the major features of ochric epipedon?

Light in color, thin, and low in bases.

What are the major features of histic epipedon?

Dark, thick, organic material.

What is an albic endopedon?

A light-colored subsurface horizon.

What is a cambic endopedon?

A weakly developed subsurface horizon.

What is a kandic endopedon?

A subsurface horizon with low bases.

What is an oxic endopedon?

A subsurface horizon rich in oxides.

What are the distinguishing characteristics of Alfisol?

Argillic horizon, high bases.

What are the distinguishing characteristics of Andisol?

Volcanic materials.

What are the distinguishing characteristics of Aridisol?

Found in arid climates, may have Bk, Bz, By, or Btn horizons.

What are the distinguishing characteristics of Gelisol?

Contains permafrost.

What are the distinguishing characteristics of Histosol?

Organic material greater than 1 meter.

What are the distinguishing characteristics of Inceptisol?

Weakly developed B horizon.

What are the distinguishing characteristics of Mollisol?

Soft, dark soil with a mollic horizon.

What are the distinguishing characteristics of Oxisol?

Oxic horizon, found in tropical climates.

What are the distinguishing characteristics of Spodosol?

Spodic horizon, often found in sandy soils.

What are the distinguishing characteristics of Ultisol?

Strongly acid clays.

What are the distinguishing characteristics of Vertisol?

High clay content, slickensides.

What is the complete classification of Houston Black clay?

Thermic Udic Pellusterts, 0-1% slope, fine, smectitic.

What is a consociation in soil mapping?

Series + texture + slope (most specific).

What is a complex in soil mapping?

Series + series complex; soils are mixed on the landscape.

What is an association in soil mapping?

Series + series association; cannot separate soils.

What are undifferentiated groups in soil mapping?

Series-series-series, or XXX soils; groups due to interpretations (least specific).

What are the land use capability classes?

Class I to VIII; class 1 is best, class 8 is worst, 5 and up is suitable for cultivation.

What does the subclass 'e' indicate in land use capability?

Erosion.

What does the subclass 'w' indicate in land use capability?

Wet/drainage.

What does the subclass 's' indicate in land use capability?

Shallow (root zone limitation such as bedrock).

What does the subclass 'c' indicate in land use capability?

Climate.

Which soil is most suitable for crop production: Ic, IIIe, VIs, or IIIs?

VIs.

What is the least intensively weathered subsoil horizon?

Cambic horizon.

What is a subsoil horizon with clay accumulation and high sodium content called?

Btn horizon.

What is a thick, dark colored surface horizon with low base status called?

Umbric epipedon.

What is the suborder of Denton soil classified as?

Calciustolls.

What type of soil has an umbric epipedon, albic horizon, and argillic horizon?

Alfisol.

What type of soil is formed in marshy areas in cool, humid climates?

Histosols.

What type of soil is classified as Ultisols?

Soils formed on well-drained sites under forest vegetation in warm, humid temperature zones.

What is the order of land use capability units from lowest to highest limitation?

IIIe, VIs, IIw.

What type of soil is classified in the Spodosol order?

Soils formed in acid sandy parent material under coniferous forest.

What type of soil is classified with an ochric epipedon and a kandic horizon?

Ultisol.

What is the first soil that forms from dust blown from a barren desert?

Entisol.

What is the correct order of soil mapping units from greatest to least variability?

C-A-B.

What does the land use capability classification IIw-1 indicate?

Good cultivatable soil with drainage limitations.

What type of soil is derived from volcanic ash?

Andisols.

What is the diagnostic horizon for a soil with a Bhs designation?

Spodosol.

What type of soil has an ochric surface and cambic subsurface?

Inceptisol.

What are thick, dark surface horizons with >1% organic matter called?

Mollic epipedons.

What type of soil is found in arid climates with an ochric epipedon?

Aridisol.

What is the sequence of soil development from young to old?

C, D, B, A.

What is the expected horizon sequence in a semi-arid climate with grassland?

ApEBtC.

What is the correct order of master horizons from surface downward?

O-A-B-E-C.

What is a horizon of eluviation indicative of?

Zone of maximum leaching of clay and Fe/Al oxides.