Study Guide-History 112

Economic Revolutions

fundamental shifts in how societies produce, distribute, and consume goods, often driven by technological advancements, agricultural changes, or new energy sources.

Demographic Revolutions

"Age of the Democratic Revolution" (1760–1800) marked the birth of modern democratic states, as outlined in this Princeton source.

• Core Principles: Driven by demands for equality, participation in public affairs, and the abolition of established, closed privileges.

• Origins: The "Age of the Democratic Revolution" (1760–1800) marked the birth of modern democratic states, as outlined in this Princeton source.

Bourgeoise

the social class characterized by their ownership of capital and property, operating as the middle or upper-middle class between the working class (proletariat) and the aristocracy. 17th century

Adam Smith

Economist

1732-1790

1776-The Wealth of Nations -Supply and Demand

Economy works best when everyone is seeking their own beliefs - invisible hands

Governments should leave economy alone

Proletariat

Working class

social class of wage earners, particularly industrial workers, who do not own the means of production and must sell their labor to survive.

1760-1830

Liberalism

-liberty and property

-a written constitution

-not democratic

-Britain-1832

-Reform Bill

-policies result in representative government

-not democracy

-did not trust uneducated classes to vote

Romanticism

-c. 1790–1850

-broad cultural movement

-emphasis on feeling, emotion, and passion

-reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment

-but important political and social effects also

-loved wandering in forests and nature

Nationalism

-common sense of culture

-18th-19th century

-common language

-common ethnicity

-history exemplifies the geist

(soul)

Karl Marx