Pathology GI System

Cancer of Esophagus

Malignancy that develops in tissues of the hollow, muscular canal (esophagus) along which food and liquid travel from the throat to the stomach

Cancer of Stomach

is a disease in which the cells forming the inner lining of the stomach become abnormal and start to divide uncontrollably, forming a mass called a tumor.

Celiac Disease

is a disease of the digestive system that damages the small intestine and interferes with the absorption of nutrients from food.

Cholecystitis

refers to a painful inflammation of the gallbladder's wall. The disorder can occur a single time (acute), or can recur multiple times (chronic).

Cirrhosis of Liver

is a chronic degenerative disease in which normal liver cells are damaged and are then replaced by scar tissue.

Esophageal/Duodenal Atresia

Congenital absence or closure of a normal body orifice or tubular organ.

Hepatic Metastasis

Are by far the most common malignant tumors involving the liver

Hirschsprungs Disease

also known as congenital megacolon or aganglionic megacolon, is an abnormality in which certain nerve fibers are absent in segments of the bowel, resulting in severe bowel obstruction.

Inguinal Hernia

hernia into the inguinal canal

Ileus

is a partial or complete non-mechanical blockage of the small and/or large intestine.

Meckels Diverticulum

is a congenital pouch (diverticulum) approximately two inches in length and located at the lower (distal) end of the small intestine.

Polyps

An elevated 'tumor' mass, which is usually epithelial, and often neoplastic; are common in the colon

Porcelain Gallbladder

A calcified and fibrotically indurated gallbladder arising in acute exacerbation of chronic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis

Pneumoperitoneum

The presence of air or gas in the peritoneal cavity as a result of disease or for the treatment of certain conditions.

Pseudocyst

an abnormal or dilated space resembling a cyst but not lined with epithelium.

Spleen enlargement/rupture

emergency medical condition that occurs when the capsule-like covering of the spleen breaks open, pouring blood into your abdominal area.

Stomach Ulcer

A peptic ulcer, also known as peptic ulcer disease (PUD), is the most common ulcer of an area of the gastrointestinal tract that is usually acidic and thus extremely painful.

Tracheoesophageal Fistula

failure of the satisfactory esophageal lumen to develop completely separate from the trachea

GERD

any symptomatic condition or structural change caused by reflux of the stomach contents into the esophagus

Barrett’s Esophagus

condition related to severe reflux esophagitis, in which normal squamous lining of the lower esophagus is destroyed

Diverticula

Common lesions that either contain all layers of the wall or are composed of only mucosa or submucosa herniating through the muscular layer

Esophageal Varices

dilated veins in the wall of the esophagus that are most commonly the result of increased pressure in the portal venous system

Hiatal hernia

most common abnormality detected on upper G.I. examinations (50% of the population)

Achalasia

a functional obstruction of the distal section of the esophagus with proximal dilation caused by incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter

Perforation

complication of esophagitis, peptic ulcer, neoplasm, external trauma, or instrumentation

Pyloric stenosis

also known as infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, occurs when two muscular layers of the pylorus become hyperplastic and hypertrophic

Peptic ulcer

disease compresses a group of inflammatory processes involving the stomach, and Duodenum caused by the action of acid and the enzyme Pepsin secreted by the stomach

Duodenal ulcer

most common manifestation of peptic ulcer disease

Gastric ulcer

form of peptic ulcer disease, usually occurring on the lesser curvature of the stomach

Gastritis

inflammation of the stomach can be the result of a variety of irritants, including alcohol, corrosive, agents, and infection

Crohn's disease

chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown cause that most often involves the terminal area of the ileum

Small bowel obstruction

fibrous adhesions caused by previous surgery or peritonitis

Intussusception

major cause of bowel obstruction in children

Appendicitis

develops when the neck of the appendix becomes blocked by post-inflammatory scarring that creates a closed-loop obstruction within the organ

Chronic atrophic Gastritis

refers to a severe mucosal atrophy that causes thinning and a relative absence of the mucosal folds within the fundus

Ulcerative Colitis

one of the two major inflammatory bowel diseases, affects primarily young adult. The cause is unknown although autoimmune cause has been suggested.

Irritable bowel syndrome

comprises several conditions that have an alteration in the intestinal motility as the underlying pathophysiologic abnormality

Volvulus

twisting of the bowel on itself

Infectious Esophagitis

reflex of gastric acid caused by infectious disorders

What is the function of the G.I. system?

alter the chemical and physical composition of food, so it can be absorbed and used by cells

Digestion begins _____ with ______ the mechanical breakdown of food

mouth, chewing

The secretion of _______ moisten the food in preparation for swallowing

Saliva

What is another word for swallowing?

Deglutition

_______ is the process that requires coordination of many muscles in the head and neck and the precise opening and closing of the ______ _______

swallowing, pyloric sphincter

The resulting milky white _______ is propelled through the _____ _______ into the duodenum by rhythmic smooth muscle contractions called ______

Chyme, pyloric sphincter, peristalsis

Where does the greatest amount of digestion take place?

doudenum

The pancreas secretes enzymes for digestion of?

proteins, fat, and carbs

What is secreted by the liver?

Chyme

What pathology is adult developmental anomaly in which the esophagus ends in a blind pouch

Atresia

What is the third leading cause of cancer death in the United States?

colon cancer

What type of viral hepatitis is of most concern to healthcare workers?

HBV

What is the most common sight of pancreatic cancer?

head

What is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis?

excessive alcohol consumption