Global Issues Exam 3

World Health Organization (WHO)

- to promote health, keep the world safe, and serve the vulnerable."

- Founded in 1948

- Smallpox is its first major success story

Demography

The scientific and statistical study of population characteristics.

1928-2023

World population grew from a billion to 8 billion people.

total fertility rate

The number of children born to an average woman in a population during her entire reproductive life

replacement fertility

The average number of children a woman must have to keep the population stable across generations.

Malthusian Theory

Starvation is the inevitable result of population growth, because the population increases at a geometric rate while food supply can only increase arithmetically

cornucopian theory

a theory that asserts human ingenuity will rise to the challenge of providing adequate resources for a growing population

demographic transition

Stage 1: Centuries of stagnant or slowpopulation growth with high birth rates and highdeath rates• Stage 2: Rapid population growth phase• High birth rates but lower death rates• processes of socio-economic andtechnological change start ---> better foodproduction, diets, health innovations ---> longerlives & lower death rates• Stages 3 and 4: Birth rates start to decline• Rising standards of living, changing life style ---> lower birth rates• Stage 5: Stagnant and negative growth rates• low birth rates ---> population decline

Migration

A movement from one country or region to another

Internal Migration

Migration within a country

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities

Immigration

International migration into a country

Emigration

International migration out of a country

refugee

globally displaced people

Push Factors

Factors that induce people to leave old residences.

Pull Factors

Factors that induce people to move to a new location.

push-pull factors

Conditions that draw people to another location or cause people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region

Bracero Program

Plan that brought laborers from Mexico to work on American farms

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A 1948 statement in which the United Nations declared that all human beings have rights to life, liberty, and security.

Negative Rights

Those rights that prohibit government from acting in certain ways; rights that are not to be interfered with.

positive rights

Those rights that require overt government action, as opposed to negative rights that require government not to act in specified ways. Examples of positive rights are those to public education and, in some cases, to medical care, old age pensions, food, or housing

Solidarity Rights

Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in the declaration can be fully realized

International Criminal Court (ICC)

A court established by international treaty for indicting and administering justice to people committing war crimes. Set up in 1998, original efforts in the 1940s-50's

sustainable development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

collective action problem

Cooperation would produce the best outcomes, but individuals pursue selfish interests, leading tothe worst outcomes for all.

Tragedy of the Commons

Lack of cooperation can lead to the overuse or exploitation of a shared/common resource

Kyoto Protocol

The first international agreement to place legally binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions from developed countries

Paris Agreement

lad mark agreement, all countries pledged to take action, with the overall goal of holding planetary warming well below 2 degrees Celsius. Every country submitted national targets for cutting greenhouse gas emissions. The accord is based on non-enforceable targets, which party countries are bound to resubmit every five years, in the hopes of "ratcheting up" commitments through global peer pressure

UN Conference on the Human Environment

The first-ever global environmental summit led to the creation of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), which set initial non-binding principles and an action plan.

Responsibility to Protect

Principle adopted by world leaders in 2005 holding governments responsible for protecting civilians from genocide and crimes against humanity perpetrated within a sovereign state

World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

responsible for the international exchange of weather data and certifies that the observation process does not vary between nations since all weather observations must be comparable

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

Established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations to assess the risk of human-induced climate change.

MDGs (Millennium Development Goals)

minimum acceptable standards agreed by world leaders in 2000 to halve world poverty by 2015

SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals)

the 2030 agenda is a set of 17 interrelated goals to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.

alternative/renewable energy

energy, as solar, wind, or nuclear energy, that can replace or supplement traditional fossil-fuel sources, as coal, oil, and natural gas.

carbon sink

a forest, ocean, or other natural environment viewed in terms of its ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Population Pyramid

A model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population.

Asia

60% of the world's population

Africa

19% of the world's population

Europe

9% of the world's population

Latin America + Caribbean

8% of the world's population

North America

5% of the world's population

Africa Refugees

6%

Asian Refugees

31 %

The Americas' refugees

53%

Europe

10%

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

law that changed the national quota system to limits of 170,000 immigrants per year from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 per year from the Western Hemisphere

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