Grammar and Spelling

nouns

names a person, place, or thing

common nouns

anyone of a class of people, places, or things; not specific not capitalized

concrete nouns

nouns you can see touch, taste, hear and smell

abstract nouns

names things that can’t be perceived by senses

proper nouns

capitalized

pronouns

words that are used as subtitles for nouns, replacing the nouns or noun phrase to make the text less repetative

antecedent

the noun that the pronoun is replacing

every sentence requires a

verb and subject

subject is the noun or pronoun that does the

action

simple subject

isolate verb and asks who or what is doing the action

complete subject

includes simple subject and its modifiers

appositives

identifies, renames, or explains a subject, giving more information about a noun or pronoun

predicate

verb

simple verb

the main verb itself

complete verb

includes main/simple verb and other words that modify it and all the words in a sentence except the subject and words that described it

prepositions

describes position of two things/shows a relationship between two nearby words

adjective

describe nouns

3 main type of conjunctions

coordinating, correlative, subordinating

compound subjects

more than one subject separated by a preposition

interjections

words that express emotion

direct object

completes the action of the verb

verbs should not be

direct objects

either- or / neither- nor is used when

the subject is singular

I

first person, singular

we

first person, plural

you

second person, singular

you

second person, plural

he, she, it

third person, singular

they

third person, plural

subject-verb agreement

the verb must agree with the subject it’s referring to

singular subject requires a

singular verb

compound subject

almost always forms a plural subject and creates a plural verb

when subjects are connected by and describe the same person or thing

the verb is singular

indefinite pronouns

requires a singular verb

indefinite pronouns refer to

nonspecific people, places, or things

quanitifiers

few, many, all, some

noun phrase

acts like a single noun-like unit

verb phrase

consists of a main verb and one or more helping verbs

appositive phrase

a noun or pronoun that, with modifiers, adds additional information

word order

subject (complete) + verb + direct object

indirect object

names the person/thing that’s the recipient of the direct object

3 types of verbs

infinitives, participles, gerunds

conjugation

changing a verb to show a different person, tense, number, or mood

conjungtions are done by

adding inflections ending in ed, ing, and s

past participle usually end in

ed, d, en, n

present participles end in

ing

gerunds

also function as a nouns as they can act as an indirect object, direct object, and object of preposition

auxillary verb

placed before a min verb to help express something about its action

primary auxillary verbs

be, have, do

In the sentence “She was eating”

“was” helps the verb, eating.

transitive verbs

require a direct object

intransitive verbs

do not a require a direct object

linking verb

verbs that connect the subject of sentence

to be, am, is, are ,was

linking verbs

modal verbs

auxillary verbs that express possibility, necessitiy, intent, ability, potential, suggestion, permsision, and obligation

tense

when an event occurs

aspect

how that event in the tense unfolds

progressives

• end in -ing

• have auxillary/helping vrbs

• is a form of to be

• perfect tense just “have”

lie

to recline or rest horizontally (intrasitive)

lay

to put down (transitive)

past tense of lie

lay

present participle of lie

lying

past participle of lie

(had) lain

past tense of lay

laid

present participle of lay

laying

past participle of lay

laid

phrasal verbs

verbs combined with a preposition or adverb

To make an “a” sound with the letters “I” and “e,”

I goes before E

ex.) Weight

3 pronoun cases

1. Subjective

2. Objective

3. Possessive

used when the pronoun of the sentence is the subject of the verb

subjective case

when the pronouns are DO, IO, OP

objective case

when the pronoun indicates possessiveness

possessive case

modifies a noun to show exactly which person, place, or thing you are referring to based on distance in space or time

demonstrative adjectives

this, that, these, those

the four main demonstrative adjectives

pointing words that replace specific nouns to show their distance in space or time

demonstrative pronouns

the four main demonstrative pronouns

this, that, these, those

this is my favorite book on the shelf

an example of a demonstrative pronoun

These puppies are so cute

an example of a demonstrative adjective

these are delicious cookies

an example of a demonstrative pronoun

who is

subjective

whom is

objective

emphasizes the subject as the doer of the action and appears after the subject

intensive pronouns

Tanya herself needs to study for the exam

an example of an intensive pronoun

relative pronouns

introduce relative clauses

that, which, who, whom, whose

relative pronouns