AP HUG final

GIS stations

Geographic Information Systems

A system that collects, stores, and analyzes data linked to locations on Earth. Helps create maps & understand reviews (ex. population of climate)

Thematic map

Maps that show one type of information (ex. population of income)

GPS Satellites

Satellites that find your exact location anywhere on Earth

GNIS

Geographic Names Information System

Official list of place names and where they are in the US

TIRS

Thermal Infrared Sensors

Tools that use heat to study Earths surface

Topographic Map

2d map that shows elevation, shape, and slope of terrain

Absolute location

A fixed, precised, and unchanging spot (typically uses GPS)

Relative location

Where a location is relating to something else, or anything that could change the distance

(ex. 10 min biking, 5 min driving)

Linear distance

Absolute measurable space between two points

Why of where

the idea that the explanation of a spatial pattern is crucial

Enviornmental determinism

the idea that the physical environment, climate, and geography helps shape humans culture and behavior

Phenomena

things that exist

Spatial relationship

Examines how locations and phenomena interact, focusing on distance, direction, & connection

Malthusian theory

Eventually, there will be too many people and not enough food, so population will decrease

Possibilism

The theory that geographyy sets physical limits for humans, but culture is formed by social conditions and human agency

Human agency

The ability to make your own free choices and influence people and the environment

Scale of inquiry

The level of detail/scale on a map, ranging from local to global, at which researchers analyze data to identify patterns

1:x (also say what 1 & x represent)

A map scale

1 is the units on the map

x is the units IRL

helpful tip:

the bigger x, the smaller the scale

the smaller x, the bigger the scale

Scale of analysis

The level of data being shown on a map used to study geographic patterns

Whats the standard scale for topographic maps?

1:24,000

Perceptual region:

Your own view of a region

Formal region

An area where most people share the same characteristics (like language, age, religion)

Vernacular region

an area people believe exists because of culture of feelings even if it dosen’t have exact borders

Administrative units

areas that have their own local/regional government, within a larger country (states, provinces, counties, districts, municipalities)

Physiological density

The number of people per unit area of farmland

Primate

the largest city in a country

Spatial patterns

Where things are located on Earth (like space)

Absolute distance

an exact, precise measure of distance between two points

Relative distance

A measure of social, cultural, or political differences/similarties between locations

(ex. texas is more republican, california is more liberal

Japanese people bow to say thank you while other cultures dont)

Absolute direction

Indicates N, S, E, W

Relative direction

Location of one thing in relation to another

Dispersed

Spread out

What does a wide base indicate on a population pyramid?

High birth rates, high youth dependency

What does a narrow base indicate on a population pyramid?

Low birth rates

What does a narrow top indicate on a population pyramid?

High death rates

What does a wide top indicate on a population pyramid?

An older population, high life expectancy

What does a bulge or indent indicate on a population pyramid?

Immigration of a specific gender

Mercator projection

Accurate direction, distorts size

Peters projection

Accurate area, distorts shape

Polar prosecution

Accurate direction from center, distorts edges

Royinson projection

Compromise (distorts everything a little)

Quantitative data

Data thats in numbers

Qualitative data

Descriptive data

Time-space compression

Faster connections due to tech

Centrifugal force

Something that pushes people apart or divides them

Centripetal force

people pulled together

Boundary data

information defining the limits of political or administrative areas—such as country borders, voting districts, or census tracts

Clustered pattern

things are grouped closely together in one area.

Characteristic land use

The typical or most common way land is used in a particular area.

Arithmetic Density

total people ÷ total land → shows overall crowding

Physiological Density

population ÷ arable (farmable) land

Agricultural Density

number of farmers per unit of arable land.

Arable land

land suitable for farming

Population Composition

characteristics of a population (age, sex, etc.)

Dependency Ratio

dependents ÷ working population

Infant Mortality Rate

deaths of infants under 1 per 1,000 births

Demographic Transition Model

Stage 1: High Stationary – high birth & death rates

Stage 2: Early Expanding – high birth, falling death

Stage 3: Late Expanding – falling birth & death

Stage 4: Low Stationary – low birth & death

Stage 5: Declining – very low birth, population shrinking

Epidemiological Transition Model

Stage 1: Pestilence & Famine – high disease, low life expectancy

Stage 2: Receding Pandemics – improved sanitation

Stage 3: Degenerative Diseases – chronic illnesses

Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative – medical advances extend life

Stage 5: Reemergence of Disease – diseases return (drug resistance)

Malthusian Theory

Population grows faster than food supply leading to crisis

Infant Mortality Decline

linked to women’s education and healthcare

Aging population

high elderly population, low birth rates.

immigration

moving into a country

Emigration

moving out of a country

Transnational migration

People live in one country but keep strong ties to another.

Transhumance migration

seasonal movement (like herding animals)

Internal migration

moving within a country.

Chain migration

People follow other from their home country

Step migration

moving in stages not all at once.

Guest workers

temporary workers in another country.

Rural to Urban migration

countryside to cities.

Refugees

Forced to move but stay in home country.

Internally Displaced Persons

Forced to move but stay in home country.

Remittances

money migrants sent back home

Ravenstein’s laws of migration

rules explaining how and why people move

Cultural complex

A group of related cultural traits.

Cultural Hearth

The place where a culture starts.

Cultural Landscape

Visible imprint of human activity on land.

Placemaking

When people shape a place to reflect their culture.

Sense of place

Emotional meaning people attach to a place.

Cultural Relativism

Judging a culture by its own standards (no judging).

Ethnocentrism

Judging other cultures by your own (thinking yours is best).

Xenophobia

Fear or dislike of people from other cultures.

Agricultural Practices

Farming methods shaped by culture.

Industrial Practices

Economic activities that shape land use.

Religious Structures

Buildings like churches, mosques, temples.

Linguistic Landscape

Language seen on signs and in public spaces.

Sequent Occupance

Layers of cultural groups that lived in a place over time.

Traditional Architecture

Buildings made with local materials and customs.

Postmodern Architecture

Buildings designed to be artistic and unique.

Ethnicity

A group sharing cultural traits like language, religion, or ancestry.

Ethnic Enclave

A neighborhood where people of the same ethnicity live together.

Indigenous Communities

Native populations living in their original areas.

Centripetal Forces

Things that unite people (like shared language).

Centrifugal Forces

Things that divide people (like religious conflict).

Cultural Diffusion

Spread of ideas, beliefs, or traits from one place to another.

Relocation Diffusion

People move and bring culture with them.

Expansion Diffusion

Culture spreads but people stay put.

Contagious Diffusion

Rapid spread to nearby people (like trends).

Hierarchical Diffusion

Spread from powerful people/places