non specofoc defences

What are the 6 ways to defend

skin, mucosal membranes, blood clots, inflammation, wound repair, expulsive reflexes

How does the skin defend against pathogens

physical and chemical barrier, secretes oleic fatty acid to lower pH that affects the pathogens enzyme activity, secretes lysozyme to break down peptidoglycan

Where is lysozyme found

skin, tears and saliva

What are mucosal membranes

Line gut, airways and reproductive system

How do mucous membranes protect

Ciliated epithelial cells and mucus trap pathogens and waft it to the stomach to digest using HCl

how do blood clots stop infecton

When skin tears, platelets release of prothrombin, which turns to thrombin when released. Thrombin turns fibrinogen into fibrin, which forms a net to trap RBC and platelets to make the clot

What happens after the blood clots

a scab forms on top of the wound

What happens under a scab

Stem cells divide by mitosis to heal. differentiate into new blood vessels, collagen, granulation tissue fills wound. Stem cells move over new tissue to produce epithelial cells

what are the symptoms of inflammation

swelling, red, hot and pain

How does an area become inflamed

blood vessels dilate to increase blood flow, which increases temperature to denature bacterial enzymes. Mast cells release histamine, which stimulates “leaky” capillaries (swelling)

What are examples of expulsive reflexes

Cough or sneeze