AP CSP Unit 6: Innovative Technologies

Computing Innovation

An innovation that includes a computer or program code as an integral part of its functionality.

personally identifiable information (PII)

information about an individual that identifies, links, relates, or describes them

metadata

data about data

digital divide

the differing access to computing devices and the Internet, based on socioeconomic, geographic, or demographic characteristics

computing device

a physical artifact that can run a program

computing system

a group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose

computer network

a group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data

redundancy

the inclusion of extra components that can be used to mitigate failure of a system if other components fail

fault-tolerant

the term used when a system can support failures and still continue to function

protocol

an agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of a system

bandwidth

the maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time

routing

the process of finding a path from sender to receiver

path

a sequence of directly connected computing devices that begins at the sender and ends at the receiver

data streams

streams that contain chunks of data, which are encapsulated in packets

packets

contain a chunk of data and metadata used for routing the packet between the origin and the destination on the Internet, as well as for data reassembly

World Wide Web

a system of linked pages, programs, and files

HTTP

a protocol used by the World Wide Web for communicating with web servers and transferring web pages and other data back to a browser.

sequential computing

a computational model in which operations are performed in order one at a time

distributed computing

a computational model in which multiple devices are used to run a program

parallel computing

a computational model where the program is broken into multiple smaller sequential computing operations, some of which are performed simultaneously

speedup of a parallel solution

the time it took to complete the task sequentially divided by the time it took to complete the task when done in parallel

public key encryption

encryption that pairs a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption

multifactor authentication

a method of computer access control in which a user is only granted access after successfully presenting several separate pieces of evidence to an authentication mechanism, typically in at least two of the following categories: knowledge (something they know); possession (something they have), and inherence (something they are)

malware

software intended to damage a computing system or take partial control over its operation

computer virus

a malicious program that can copy itself and gain access to a computer in an unauthorized way

phishing

a technique that attempts to trick a user into providing personal information

keylogging

the use of a program to record every keystroke made by a computer user in order to gain fraudulent access to passwords and other confidential information

rogue access point

a wireless access point that gives unauthorized access to secure networks

Client

a computer or software that requests service from a server

router

a device which forwards data packets to the appropriate parts of a computer network

C in the CIA Triad

Confidentiality

I in the CIA Triad

Integrity

A in the CIA Triad

Availability

SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)

the process in which websites send the user a "lock" to encrypt their data so that any traffic being sent over the Internet can then only be decoded by the website who create the original key/lock pair.

The purpose of TCP and IP are...?

To establish a common standard for sending messages between devices on the Internet

Describe the relationship between the WWW and the Internet

The World Wide Web is a system of linked pages, programs, and files that is accessed via a network called the Internet.

True or False: Devices on the Internet communicate using standard protocols, which do not depend on the manufacturer.

True

How is the Internet able to facilitate communication at a large scale?

The Internet uses redundant routing to support fault tolerance. The Internet uses protocols so that data is transmitted in a standard format. The Internet is not controlled from a central device.

How is data transmitted on the Internet?

Data is broken into packets, which can be sent along different paths.

True or False: The Internet is designed to scale to support an increasing number of users.

True

What is the primary reason for the use of open protocols on the Internet?

Open protocols provide a way to standardize data transmission between different devices.

What are Digital certificates?

Digital certificates are used to verify the ownership of encrypted keys used in secured communication.

True or False: In public cryptography, a message is encrypted with a sender's public key and decrypted with the sender's private key.

False. In public cryptography, a message is encrypted with a RECIPIENT'S public key and decrypted with the RECIPIENT'S private key.

True or False: Symmetric encryption uses a single key for both encryption and decryption of data. Since the key can be used to unlock the data, it should be kept secret.

True

What are certificate authorities?

Certificate authorities are entities that issue digital certificates, which are used to certify the ownership of public keys.

What is a non-likely reason that personal information is hard to remove from the Internet?

All personal information is stored online using authentication measures, making the information hard to access.

What does a rogue access point do?

it allows unauthorized individuals to intercept information transmitted on a network.

What does redundancy do?

Redundancy often allows messages to be sent on the network even if some network devices or connections have failed.

how is fault tolerance in a network achieved?

By providing multiple paths between devices, enabling routing to occur even in the presence of a failed component

The best way to optimize execution time is when...?

The workload of the two processors are as close to equal as possible.

With 32-bit addressing, how many possible addresses does IPv4 have?

2^32

With 128-bit addressing, how many possible addresses does IPv6 have?

2^128

What's result of using 128-bit addresses instead of 32-bit addresses?

There would be 2^96 times as many addresses available.

True or False: The Internet harms productivity; the Internet offers many distractions in the form of online forums, shopping, videos and music.

True

True or False: The Internet helps productivity, communicating and collaborating with coworkers or peers is easier than ever before.

True

True or False: Redundancy has bad qualities; it creates unnecessary routers in the network.

False: Redundancy has good qualities; if several routers fail, data can still be transferred and many devices can be added to the network without affecting network traffic.

What symbol found in the address bar usually indicates that a website has such security in place?

A padlock

The Internet is a network of networks in which host computers are connected by what?

Routers

What is the basic idea of fault-tolerance?

If part of the system fails, the operation continues without interruption

What are the valid decimal numbers accepted by IPv4 standards?

0-255

What best describes how a web browser and a web server interact with each other?

A web browser is a client application that is run on a user's computer that requests information from the web server that hosts all the files you are requesting.

How many bits are used for IPv6 standard addresses?

128

How would the security of an encrypted message be breached using public key encryption?

If a third party accessed the private key

True or False: Cloud data is safe from data breaches.

False, Cloud data is not safe from data breaches and may actually be more susceptible to cybersecurity hacks than data stored on company servers.

Would CERN's technology be more popular if it had been proprietary?

No, it would likely not have become as popular as it has or have been adopted by so many users and institutions across the globe