English Language Arts Interim Study Guide

Contagious

1) (disease) spread from one person or organism to another by direct or indirect contact

2) (emotion/feeling/attitude) likely to spread to affect other.

Independence

1) free from outside control; not depending on another's authority.

2) not depending on another for livelihood or subsistence.

Galoshes

A waterproof overshoe, typically made of rubber.

Empathy

The ability to take on another's perspective, to understand, feel and possibility share and respond to their experience.

Guilty

Remorseful, Culprit, Culpable, Liable.

"Slither under

To skillfully navigate (figuratively) an idea or person, like a snake slithering around obstacles.

Plot Development

The "unfolding of a story". Authors use story-telling details, like an indicating action or event (a.k.a. An action or event that starts a response or consequences) to move a story forward.

Juxtaposition

the act of placing two similar things side by side in order to demonstrate the contract between them.

Theme

An idea that repeats in or is present throughout a work of art or literature.

Persuade

Aim to convince the reader of the merits of a certain point of view. Author will attempt to persuade the reader to agree with this point of view and/or subsequently take a particular course of action.

Inform

Tell their readership about a real-world topic. Often, they will do this by providing lots of facts. Informational texts are geared toward imparting information to the reader with the purpose of educating them on a given topic.

Entertain

Try to keep things as interesting as possible. Things happen in books that are written to entertain, whether in the form of an action packed plot, inventive characterizations, or sharp dialogue.

Explain

Tell the reader how to do something or reveal to them how something works. This type of writing is about communicating a method or a process.

Describe

Explain in more detail than one might be able to tell from an autograph.

Food Industry

Food manufacturers and processors often generate waste during production due to inefficiencies, cosmetic standards, and overproduction to meet fluctuating demand. Additionally, packaging practices contribute to environmental issues, as exclusive packaging materials end up in landfills.

Farmers

Farmers face challenges such as crop surpluses, market demand fluctuations, and strict cosmetic standards imposed by retailers, leading to the disposal of perfectly edible but aesthetically imperfect produce. Lack of access to proper storage facilities and distribution networks also results in significant losses at the farm level.

Grocery Stores

Retailers discard large quantities of unsold perishable goods due to expiration dates, over stocking, and consumer preferences for pristine-looking produce. Promotional strategies like bulk discounts can inadvertently encourage over-purchasing, contributing to food waste at the retail level.

Consumers

Household food waste stems from factors like overbuying, improper storage, and neglecting leftovers. Inadequate meal planning, impulse purchases, and confusion over date labels further exacerbate the issue, resulting in significant waste of edible food resources.

“The Hungry”

Food waste exacerbates food insecurity among low-income and homeless Americans by reducingaccess to affordable and nutritious meals. Surplus food that could be redistributed to those in need through food assistance programs is instead discarded, representing missed opportunities to alleviate hunger. This perpetuates economic strain and health disparities within these vulnerable communities.

Concept

During the age range of 10-13, children begin to assert their autonomy and develop a sense of self-identity, seeking more independence from their parents as they explore their interests and abilities.

Freedom To Explore

Parents who encourage freedom to explore foster a sense of self-confidence and resilience in their children, allowing them to develop crucial decision-making and problem-solving skills. This freedom enables children to explore their interests,develop a sense of responsibility, and build healthy relationships outside the family sphere.

Restriction

Conversely, parents who overly restrict exploration may inhibit their child's autonomy and hinder their emotional and social development. Such restrictions can lead to feelings of resentment, frustration, and a lack of self-confidence in navigating the world independently, potentially impeding their ability to adapt to new situations and make informed decisions.

Allusion

A reference to a significant literary or historical figure or idea.

Flashback

A scene that interrupts the chronological sequence by recalling a previous event.

Irony

The opposite of what’s expected. Verbal Irony occurs when a character says one thing but means another.

Narration

In a story with a First-Person Narrator the narrator is a character in the story. Reliability refers to the accuracy or credibility of the narration.

Symbolism

When an object, person or idea in a text has an additional meaning beyond its literal one.

Tone

The attitude of the author or narrator toward story events or characters.

Alliteration

Multiple words close together that begin with the same consonant sound (e.g., "dark and deep").

Enjambment

The running-over of a sentence or phrase from one poetic line to the next, without end punctuation

End-Stopped

A poetic line ending with punctuation to show the completion of a phrase or sentence.

Line

A group of words arranged into a row in a poem; the line-break is the end of the line.

Metaphor

Figure of speech in which two things are compared without using the words "like" or "as" for symbolic effect; an extended metaphor continues over several lines of a poem.

Rhyme

The repetition of similar sounds in the final syllable of two or more words; rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhyme at the end of each line in poetry, labeled with uppercase letters (e.g., ABAB).

Repitition

Repeating words, phrases, lines or stanzas; used to emphasize an idea, create rhythm, or develop a sense of urgency.

Speaker

The voice or persona of a poet; the speaker is not the same as the poet (the author of the poem).

Stanza

A series of lines arranged together (often in a recurring pattern) creating divisions in a poem.