Exam 2 - History 1010 Bian Auburn University

How did the Greeks invent the primary intellectual tradition of European civilization characterized by rational approach to human society and nature?

o Greek philosophy was a product of reason and a system of rational and logical analysis

o This rational approach to human society and mature formed the primary intellectual tradition of European civilization. Later such an approach would form the basis of European Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution, and Enlightenment

o No deity was involved in developing this system of rational approach to human society and nature. It was based almost entirely on reason, rather than faith.

How did the Greeks invent the primary socioeconomic tradition of European civilization? What explains Greek colonization?

o Primary socioeconomic tradition: a market-oriented exchange economy

o Population pressure. Increased population further strained the already scarce food resources available in the rocky and mountainous Greek peninsula and lead Greeks to establish colonies to relieve population pressure

How did Rome come into existence and evolve?

♣ Aeneas & Romulus & Remus (Tiber River)

• Rome owed its existence to the flight of Aeneas

♣ Establishment of Rome by Romulus, 753 BC

• Aenea's decedents almost did not survive, evil uncle abandoned them by a river.

Romulus established himself as the first king of Rome in 550 BC

What were the key components of Roman state structure?

Consuls - Served as Supreme Civil and Military Magistrates

Praetor (366 BC) - Assistant Consul. The assistant consul was an annually elected magistrate of the ancient Roman Republic, ranking below but approximately the same functions as the consul. Primary function was the "Execution of Justice"

Senate - select group of 300 men from leading families who served for life

Assembly of Centuries - military assembly

Assembly of Tribes - Civilian Assembly

What were the nature and consequence of the struggle of the orders?

Class struggle between Patricians (noble families) and Plebeians (common people who could not hold government positions)

How did the Roman Republic attempt to solve its social and economic problems?

Election of Tribunes, New Marriage Law, New Status of Assembly of Tribes, Change in Senate

What role did the military play in Roman politics during the late 2nd and the early 1st centuries BC?

The military stood on a foundation of small citizen farmers, but because of the decline of small farmers also decreased the number of men available for military service.

How did the civil wars lead to the collapse of Roman Republic and the creation of the Roman Empire?

When no members of society and government get along, it falls apart.

Battle of Actium marked the end of the Roman Republic

In 27 BC, Octavian proclaimed the restoration of the republic which lead the senate to award him the title Augustus and became the first emperor of the Western Roman Empire

What reform did Emperor Diocletian undertake to ensure the unity of the Roman Empire?

Tetrarchy - four persons sharing power simultaneously. This allowed a more even distribution of power

How did Judaism contribute to Christianity?

Monotheism, Scriptures, Moral Concerns

How did Christianity emerge? What did it teach?

"The kingdom of God is at hand" Serve God and love others. Believe in Jesus and you will have eternal life.

How did Paul of Tarsus contribute to the spread of Christianity?

Originally named Saul, used to kill Christians and throw them in jail. Changed his name when he turned his life around.

2nd founder of Christianity. Great preacher.

Essentially, Paul's doctrine demanded individuals to observe high moral standards and to place their faith ahead of personal and family interests

How did Roman attitude and policy towards Christianity change?

Originally, Roman attitude towards Christianity was negative because it taught of a higher kingdom at work in the world and they saw it as a threat. They burned scriptures, destroyed churches, and imprisoned christian Clergy. This changed when Constantine came into power.

What explains the Christianization of Roman Empire?

Constantine - the first Roman emperor to profess Christianity.

How did Germanic peoples build new states in western Europe?

♣ Early Settlement North of the Rhine & Danube Rivers

• By the beginning of the common era, the Germanic peoples had moved to the areas north of the Rhine and Danube Rivers

♣ Two Branches: Ostrogoths & Visigoths

• The Germans - Goth Eastern Ostrogoths and Western Visigoths

How did Charlemagne attempt to bring out administrative centralization?

In order to bring about administrative centralization, Charlemagne relied on his aristocratic deputies, so-called counts, to maintain his authority in the empire

How did the Carolingian Empire disintegrate? What were the cause and consequence of its disintegration?

Charlemagne's son, Louis the Pious, lost control of the counts and other local authorities. After Louis died in 843, his three sons divided the Empire into three equal portion, each taking one portion to rule as king.

What characterized European feudalism?

Serfs and Manors

When and how did Christianity develop its institutions?

By establishing people in positions of power like bishops and the pope

Why and how did monasticism rise up and change?

Benedict of Nursia founded a monastery at Monte Cristo aad wrote a set of rules called the Benedictine Rule, which established the basic form and norms of monastic life. Since it was adopted by so many monastic communities, Benedict became known as the patriarch of Western Monasticism

How did the Roman Catholic Church formulate its ideology of papal authority?

The Roman Catholic Church formulated an ideology of papal authority in a famous medieval document known as the Donation of Constantine (WAS ALL A LIE)

Why was the coronation of Charlemagne significant?

It showed that the Church had more power than the king

What were the origins, nature, and consequence of the Investiture Controversy?

Henry IV wanted Pope Gregory to retract his stuff about banning lay investiture and Pope Gregory said no and excommunicated him (deprived him of any church membership). Henry IV was pretty upset but he decided to "confess to his sin" and go to Italy to seek absolution. Pope Gregory made him wait for three days in the cold before granting Henry IV absolution. Henry had poor intentions in this so the pope deposed him again but Henry IV was powerful enough at that point to take vengeance and drove Pope Gregory out of Rome to take refuge in Southern Italy where he died

When and how did scholars recognize the existence of a potential conflict between the primary religious and intellectual traditions of European civilization?

When they rediscovered Aristotle's Work thanks to the Byzantine Connection and the Muslim Connection

Plato 428-348BC

Taught Aristotle

Wrote "The Republic"

Established his own academy

Came up with the theory of ideal forms

Theory of Ideal Forms

According to Plato, only the world of ideal and eternal form is genuine and real. to put it differently, the world in which you and I live is only a pale and imperfect reflection of the world of ideal ad eternal forms

The Republic

Written by Plato

First major work of Utopian Literature

Came up with four Social Groups in the Ideal State: Slaves, Farmers/Artisans/Tradesmen, Auxiliaries, and Guardians

Utopia

An ideally perfect place, especially in its social, political, and moral aspects

Auxiliaries

Third group in the Four Groups of the Ideal State in "The Republic"

in part are self-perpetuating and in part recruited from the most promising children of slaves

Guardians

Fourth group in the Four Groups of the Ideal State in "The Republic"

are selected from the best of auxiliaries' children. They undertake the task of governing upon complete training

Aristotle 383-322 BC

Student of Plato's and tutored Alexander the Great.

Did not accept Plato's Theory of Ideal Forms

♣ While Aristotle believed in the ideal form or universal principle, he thought Form and Matter were inseparable.

Plato Academy

Could be considered the first modern university of Europe

Theory of Form and Matter

• Form: ultimate reality or universal principle

• Matter: material manifestation of the ultimate reality or university principle

o Example: of form as the ultimate reality or universal principle constitutes the pattern for cars, then the concrete cars consist of matter or material manifestation of form such as engines.

The Politics

Written by Aristotle about the philosophy of human affairs. This is where he explained the 3 good forms of government: Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Constitutional Government

Mediterranean Triad

Cereals, Olives, and Grapevines

--amount of grain produced could only meet the needs of half the population- besides that, they only have olives and wine- they must acquire land and produce more- their ecological environment wasn't adequate though so they had no choice but to trade

Greek Colonization 770-550 BC

causes and consequences: population pressure, increased population further strained the already scare food resources available in the rocky & mountainous Greek peninsula & led Greeks to establish colonies to relieve population pressure

Romulus and Remus

Descendants of Aeneas

Uncle abandoned them and they were adopted/raised by she-wolf

Romulus ended up founding Rome and made himself the first king

Etruscans

First people to dominate Italy, 8th-5th centuries BC

"In 509 BC, the Romans expelled the last Etruscan King and established Roman Republic"

Consuls

Served as Supreme Civil and Military Magistrates

Praetor 366BC

Assistant Consul. The assistant consul was an annually elected magistrate of the ancient Roman Republic, ranking below but approximately the same functions as the consul

Primary function was the "Execution of Justice"

Roman Senate

Selected group of 300 men (from leading families) who served for life

Senates advice had the force of law

Assembly of Centuries

Military Assembly

Assembly of Tribes

Civilian Assembly (Each tribe got one vote, majority rules)

Republic

A political system or a form of government in which the supreme power is in the hands of the representatives elected by the people

Patricians

The noble families, about 5-7% of Roman families belonged to this group

Plebeians

Common people, deprived of opportunity to uphold government positions

Struggle of the Orders

refers to the struggle between the patricians and the plebeians (it was a class struggle)

Tribunes

Elected by the plebeians to protect their rights from arbitrary acts of the patrician magistrates (494 BC)

Optimates

Aristocratic Leader

Controlled the senate, wished to maintain their oligarchical privileges and weaken the power of popular assemblies

-"best of man"

Populares

Aristocratic Leader

Used the populate assemblies as instruments to break the Optimates' dominance

Ex: Tiberius Gracchus

Latifundia

Great Landed Estates

Gracchi Brothers

Their mother (Cornelia Africana) was the example of a Perfect Roman Mother

-Both served as populare's

Tiberius Gracchus

The solution offered by TG was a radical/revolutionary program of land redistribution: limiting the property rights of the have and gave some of the land to the have-nots

Gaius Gracchus

-served after his brother Tiberius Gracchus was killed

-he presided over the Plebeian Council; he wanted the same kind of reforms as his brother Tiberius, he too was killed by the senate

Gaius Marius 107-100 BC

he established a private army that consisted of rural and poor people - they became very loyal since they had no property to land back on

Lucius Sulla

leading general of the aristocratic class' armies, "Blonde Butcher of Rome"

Julius Caesar

- Conquered Gaul

- Made himself Dictator for Life

- Centralized military and political functions and brought those functions under control

- Confiscated Properties and distributed it amongst veterans

- He launched large-scale building projects in order to provide employment for the urban poor

- Stabbed by Roman senator members

Gaul

First place Caesar conquered

Gaius Octaivan

Heir and grandnephew to Caesar. Took the Western part of Rome

Mark Anthony

Caesar's Ally and Assistant

Took the Eastern Part of Rome

Fell in love with the Egyptian Queen Cleopatra

Fled to Egypt and committed suicide

Cleopatra

Went into an alliance with Mark Anthony

Egyptian Queen

Battle of Actium

Marked the end of the Roman Republic

Augustus

first emperor of the Western Roman Empire

Diocletian

New Emperor in 284 CE

Divided Roman empire in 4 districts:

- Gaul

- Italy

- Illyricum

- East

Tetrarchy

four persons sharing power simultaneously or the rule of four

-set up by Diocletian

-Significance: brought stability

Hebrews

Left Egypt for Palestine under Moses

During Reigns of David and Solomon they dominated Territory between Syria and the Sinai Peninsula

Abraham

Hebrew Patriarch

Native of the Sumerian City Ur in Mesopotamia

Moses

a prophet and law giver

"Let my people go"

lead the slaves of Egypt to Palestine

Yahweh

the Creator and sustainer of the World according to Judaism

Monotheism

the belief that there is only one God who created the universe

Judaism

Monotheism, Scriptures, and Moral Concerns

These elements came to characterize Judaism (Jewish religion and Jewish way of life) and exerted a profound impact/influence on the development of Christianity

Jesus of Nazareth

born in Bethlehem but grew up in Nazareth. Taught devotion to God and how to love others. The teachings of Jesus alarmed the Romans because he also taught that "the kingdom of God is at hand"

-He was talking about a spiritual kingdom, where humans would be reborn and live happily in that kingdom

-Sentenced to death on a cross

Pontius Pilate

Ordered the crucifixion of Jesus

New Testament

Second half of the Christian Bible. Chronicles Jesus

Old Testament

Scriptures compiled by Hebrews, basis of Jewish religion

Paul of Tarsus

Originally named Saul, used to kill Christians and throw them in jail. Changed his name when he turned his life around.

2nd founder of Christianity. Great preacher.

Essentially, Paul's doctrine demanded individuals to observe high moral standards and to place their faith ahead of personal and family interests

Damascus

an ancient city in Syria. Paul was coming for the Christian who lived there but he found Jesus on the way and changed his whole life around

Antioch

one of four great christian cities

Gentiles

non Jewish peoples

Edicts of Diocletian

destroyed Christian Churches, burned scriptures, and imprisoned members of Christian clergy

Constantine the Great

First Roman Emperor to profess Christianity

Considered himself the 13th apostle of Christ

Battle of Melvin Bridge

Led Constantine the Great to convert to Christianity

Edict of Milan

Declared that freedom of religion was important

Theodosius the Great

Emperor. Christianity became the State religion under him

Germanic Peoples

Originally from Scandinavia

Kingdom of Ostrogoths

invaded Europe, they were Eastern German people

Kingdom of Visigoths

Also invaded Europe, were Western German People

Kingdom of the Franks

Largest Germanic Kingdom to invade Europe and had a long lasting powerful influence on the developing European civilization

Clovis

established the Frankish Kingdom, was baptized and converted all his soldiers to Christianity

Pippin the Short

Founded the Carolingians.

Carolingian Dynasty

took over when the Frankish King was deposed

Papacy

Roman Catholic Church

Theocratic Monarcy

Monarchy with the approval of the Papacy (Roman Catholic Church)

Established the Carolingian Dynasty

Charlemagne

Succeeded Pippin the Short, helped expand Carolingians.

Traveled a lot throughout the empire to maintain order but relied heavily on aristocratic deputies, or counts, to do this for him

Counts

aristocratic deputies that Charlemagne relied on to maintain order and stability in the local society

Missi Dominici

("Envoys of the Lord Ruler") were instituted to maintain control over local officials and prevent their integration into provincial aristocracy

Muslims

Followers of Muhammad

Magyars

Descendents of a Nomadic people from central Asia who settled in Hungary

Vikings

the best sailors ever. used shallow draft boats

came from Scandinavia

Feudalism

the political and social order of society the decentralized public authority and responsibility rather than vest them in a central government.