meow meow

fff

How are muscle fibers arranged?

Muscle fibers are arranged in bundles, allowing for coordinated contraction.

How does the acidity of sweat inhibit bacterial growth in the skin?

The acidity of sweat creates an unfavorable environment for many bacteria.

What are the two areas of cartilage at the epiphysis of a growing long bone in a child?

The articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate (growth plate).

What event directly follows repolarization in an action potential?

The hyperpolarization phase follows repolarization.

What are the four primary tissue types found in adult organs?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.

What are the expanded ends of a long bone called?

The epiphyses.

What does the prefix 'hypo-' mean, whereas 'hyper-' means what?

'Hypo-' means below normal; 'hyper-' means above normal.

What are bone-forming cells called?

Osteoblasts.

Describe a hormone.

A hormone is a chemical messenger secreted by glands that regulate physiological processes.

What two types of nervous cells are the main components of nervous tissue?

Neurons and glial cells.

Where do most local potentials form in a neuron?

Most local potentials form at the dendrites or cell body.

Which glial cell is found wrapped around axons in the PNS?

Schwann cells.

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone targets which endocrine gland?

The anterior pituitary gland.

The hypophyseal portal system connects what?

It connects the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary.

What is a group of similar cells and their intercellular materials in a distinct region of an organ called?

A tissue.

Neurons usually have multiple short, branched processes called what, which receive signals from other cells and conduct messages to the what?

Dendrites, which receive signals and conduct messages to the cell body.

What type of neuron makes up most cells in the nervous system?

Interneurons.

What do we call an increase in the number of receptors making a target cell more sensitive to a hormone?

Upregulation.

Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs?

Smooth muscle.

Which cells form myelin sheaths in the spinal cord?

Oligodendrocytes.

What makes it possible for even a small quantity of hormone to have a strong effect on its target cell?

The presence of specific receptors on the target cell.

What is a thin, stained slice of tissue mounted on a microscope called?

A histological section.

A break in a bone that is already weakened by some other disease is called a(n) what?

Pathologic fracture.

What tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential?

Nervous tissues.

The absence of iodine in the diet leads to what?

Hypothyroidism.

Circulating hormones are mostly taken up and degraded by what?

The liver and kidneys.

Who established a code of ethics for physicians and is considered the 'father of medicine'?

Hippocrates.

What are the levels of human structure listed from the most complex to the simplest?

Organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule.

A decline in bone density can lead to what?

Osteoporosis.

Which type of connective tissue is abundant in the walls of arteries and in the airway?

Elastic connective tissue.

Chemicals in a solution can move down a concentration gradient. This means the chemical will move from the area of what concentration to the area of what concentration?

From high concentration to low concentration.

The what secretes growth hormone, which is also known as somatotropin?

The pituitary gland.

The hormone called what plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness?

Melatonin.

A physiological what is a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variables between one point and another?

Gradient.

The process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream is known as what?

Bone resorption.

Glands that have branched ducts and secretory cells that form sacs at one end of the ducts are classified as what glands?

Compound glands.

The what secretes(s) a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia?

The parathyroid gland.

Feeling structures with your fingertips is called what, whereas tapping on the body and listening for sounds of abnormalities is called what?

Palpation and percussion.

The study of how hormones function is called what?

Endocrinology.

Most axons of the parasympathetic nervous system travel in what nerve?

The vagus nerve.

What are the simplest body structures considered alive?

Cells.

The what division tends to prepare the body for action?

Sympathetic division.

Chondrocytes multiply in the zone of what of the metaphysis?

Proliferation.

Many hours after a meal, alpha (α) cells in the pancreatic islets secrete what, which what blood glucose?

Glucagon, which increases blood glucose.

What is the abbreviation for the hormone also known as vasopressin?

ADH (Antidiuretic hormone).

The plural of axilla (armpit) is what, whereas the plural of appendix is what?

Axillae and appendices.

What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

While both systems maintain homeostasis, how does the nervous system differ from the endocrine system?

The nervous system acts quickly and effects are short-lived, while the endocrine system acts slowly with longer-lasting effects.

A cholinergic synapse uses what as its neurotransmitter?

Acetylcholine.

Bone protrudes through the skin in a fracture called what?

Open fracture.

Most kidney tubules are made of what epithelial tissue, which is specialized for absorption and secretion?

Simple cuboidal epithelium.

The membrane that lines passageways that open to the exterior environment is called what?

Mucous membrane.

A long bone is covered externally with a sheath called the what, whereas the marrow cavity is lined with the what?

Periosteum, endosteum.

Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood, but it is more likely to cause what when it begins in adulthood?

Acromegaly.

The what secretes a hormone that increases the body's metabolic rate, promotes alertness, quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system?

The thyroid gland.

What does 'hypercalcemia' mean?

An above-normal level of calcium in the blood.

The study of normal body structures is called what?

Anatomy.

An epithelium with a single layer of tall cells would be classified as which type of epithelium?

Simple columnar epithelium.

What causes bone elongation?

Growth at the epiphyseal plates.

Which hormone stimulates glucocorticoid secretion?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

The antagonist to the triceps brachii is the what?

Biceps brachii.

The covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities is composed of what tissue?

Epithelial tissue.

For the first couple of days after fertilization, human stem cells have the potential to develop into any type of fully differentiated cell. Because of this, they are called what stem cells?

Pluripotent stem cells.

An what is composed of two or more tissue types, whereas what are microscopic structures in a cell?

Organ, organelles.

Some what neurons are specialized to detect stimuli, whereas what neurons send signals to the effectors of the nervous system?

Sensory neurons, motor neurons.

What are the three common components of a feedback loop?

Sensor, control center, and effector.

What property of neurons allows them to respond to changes in the environment?

Excitability.

Why do somatic reflexes act faster than visceral reflexes?

Somatic reflexes involve fewer synapses.

What effects on a gland can be caused by a tumor?

Hypersecretion or hyposecretion of hormones.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the what?

Kidneys.

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?

To promote water reabsorption in the kidneys.

What are the properties of a steroid hormone?

They are lipid-soluble and can pass through cell membranes.

The nervous system reacts to stimuli how compared to the endocrine system, adapts how compared to the endocrine system, and has what effects compared to the endocrine system?

Quickly, slowly, and localized effects.

Stereoscopic vision provides what?

Depth perception.

Which neurotransmitter excites skeletal muscle and inhibits cardiac muscle?

Acetylcholine.

The adrenal medulla secretes mostly what?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine.

The neurotransmitter(s) released by preganglionic neurons is(are) what?

Acetylcholine.

We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called what?

Homeostasis.

What is the primary site on a neuron for receiving signals from other neurons?

The dendrites.

The what secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates development and activity of T cells?

The thymus.

The study of mechanism of disease is called what?

Pathophysiology.

Glucagon increases blood glucose concentration and insulin decreases it. This is an example of what?

A negative feedback loop.

What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone?

The presence of specific receptors for that hormone.

An what muscle is contained within a region whereas an what muscle acts upon one region but has an attachment elsewhere?

Intrinsic muscle, extrinsic muscle.

About 90% of the neurons in the nervous system are what neurons?

Interneurons.

The what attaches to the zygomatic arch and also to the angle of the mandible?

Masseter muscle.

The enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine (NE) is called what?

Monoamine oxidase (MAO).

The study of the muscular system is known as what?

Myology.

The study of the structure and function of cells is called what?

Cell biology.