S1Q2 | OCC

The form of language used by a speaker, characterized by a degree of formality or informality.

Speech Styles

• liguist and a german professor

• author of the english verb forms and meanings

martin joos

Five Clocks of Martin Joos

• intimate

• casual

• consultative

• formal

• frozen.

The idea that language is not only used to inform or describe, but also to perform acts and make meaning.

Speech Act Theory

– non-public; there is an element of privacy

– sender and receiver have known each other very well

intimate

– used in formal ceremonies

– printed unchanging language

– wording is exactly the same time it is spoken

– static and ritualistic in nature

frozen

– most operational among other styles 

– element of authority

– used among ppl who do not share common experience or POV

– speaker provides background info

consultative

– used among ordinary friends and acquaintances 

– does not require background info

– uses slangs

– informal context

casual

– must be well-organized, correct grammar, and dictation

– uses technical vocabulary with exact definitions

– straightforward and direct 

– includes presentations and intro

– sometimes linear (listener is passive)

formal

british philosopher of language

john austin

english professor

john searle

The intention or social function behind what is said in a speech act.

Illocutionary Act

utterance

locutionary act

The response or resulting act of what is said in a speech act.

Perlocutionary Act

John Searle's Categorization of Illocutionary Act

• commissive,

• assertive

• directive

• expressive

• declarative.

commits the speaker to fo something in the future (promising, planning, vowing)

commisive

the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition (reporting, boasting, conluding, claim)

assertive

the speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action (asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, begging)

directive

the speaker address their feelings or emotional actions

expressive

• An act which brings a change in the external situation blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a sentence, excommunication

• presence of frozen speech style

declarative

process of sharing and conveying message or information

Communication

a plan of action used to achieve a goal

Strategy

Plans or means of sharing information adopted to achieve a particular purpose in communication.

Communicative Strategies

The strategy of presenting or introducing a particular topic to the audience.

Nomination

The strategy of constraining the topic of discussion to make it specific and manageable.

Restriction

• The strategy of changing from one speaker to another in a conversation.

• recognizing when to speak or take the turn of speaking

Turn-taking

The strategy of focusing on the topic without straying into other discussions.

Topic Control

The strategy of changing from one topic to another in a conversation.

Topic Shifting

The strategy of clarifying what the speaker is saying if misunderstood.

Repair

The strategy of ending a speech or discussion properly.

Termination

A speech that educates the audience by providing useful and interesting information.

Informative Speech

four types of informative speech

1. people or objects

2. process

3. event

4. concept

focuses on an event that happened, is happening, or might happen in the future

event

focuses on procedure or sequence of events

process

focuses on beliefs, knowledge, theories, principles, or ideas

concept

a government handled by the least suitable or incompetent citizens of a state

kakistocracy

focuses on people and tangible objects

people or objects

A speech that instructs and educates the audience on how to do something step-by-step.

Demonstrative Speech

A speech that convinces people to change the way they think or do something.

Persuasive Speech

A speech that communicates company strategy, inspires workers, and helps employees see the future in a positive light.

Motivational Speech

A speech that provides pleasure and enjoyment to the audience, often using humor.

Entertainment

Types of Speeches According to Delivery

1. Reading from a manuscript

2. memorized speech

3. impromptu speech

4. extemporaneous speech.

– every word from a pre-written speech

– can’t miss any single word or important fact since it’s directly from the script 

– speaking with advanced preparation 

– planned & rehearsed speech

– reading aloud w written message

reading from a manuscript

scenario:

• bday toast

• ms u (gagi haha)

• interview

• speaking w/o advance prep

• unrehearsed

• spoken convo

impromtu speech

– planned & rehearsed speech

– reciting a written message 

– speaking with advanced (?) speech

memorized speech

– speaking with limited time

– guided by notes or outline, but not necessarily holding a manuscript 

– delivered conversationally

extemporaneous speech

examples

• newscasting

• presenting the lgeal prcoeedin & verdict in a court

• reading

reading from a manuscript

Choosing a topic that you know, love, and that the audience cares about, is timely and relevant, relatable, and has social impact.

Deciding on an interesting topic to discuss

Conducting an audience analysis by considering demographics, educational background, situation, values, beliefs, cultures, and traditions.

Determining the audience and the purpose

(audience profile)

• time

• Venue

• Occasion

situation

(audience profile)

• age 

• Male - female ratio

• Educational background

demography

(audience profile)

• values 

• Belief

• Cultures & tradition

psyhology

discuss; rework info from primary sources

secondary source

Finding materials for your speech by considering the topic and purpose, and using primary and secondary sources.

Sourcing the information

direct, firsthand sources of info or data

primary source

Narrowing down the topic, deciding on a thesis statement, and using accurate and comprehensive language in discussing supporting details.

Outlining & organizing the speech content

from words & phrases (classification of outline)

topic outline

uses sentence (classification of outline)

sentence outline

Considering the 8 C's for public speaking - context, clarity, connection, clothing, content, concentration, confident/conviction, and choreography.

Principles of Speech Delivery