S1Q2 | OCC

Why do we need to care about the speaking styles of people?

- Writing or delivering a speech, a writer/speaker should consider the audience and purpose of writing or speaking

- Knowing what your audience know will help you tailor your speech

• Linguist and a german professor
• The author of the English verb forms and meanings
• Writer of the book “The Five Clocks”

- Correlation of speaking style and time

- Different people and situation call for a different speech style

￫ the form of language that the speaker uses which is charaterized by a degree of formality or informality

☆ Five Clocks of Martin Joos

1. Intimate

– non-public; there is an element of privacy

– sender and receiver have known each other very well

– uses private vocabulary including non-verbal messages

– meaning is shared without correct linguistics forms

– intonation is more important than wording or grammar

Examples:

• Convo w parents
• Close friends
• Fam members

2. Casual

– used among ordinary friends and acquaintances

– does not require background info

– uses slangs

– informal context

– interactive / transactional model

Examples:

• Classmates
• Convo w ordinary ppl

3. Consultative

– most operational among other styles

– element of authority

– used among ppl who do not share common experience or POV

– speaker provides background info

– uses formal language with generally accepted grammatical structures

Examples:

• Employee discussing a proposal w their boss
• Peace negotiation process

4. Formal

– imparting info

– must be well-organized, correct grammar, and dictation

– uses technical vocabulary with exact definitions

– straightforward and direct

– includes presentations and intro

– sometimes linear (listener is passive)

• No interruptions; can also be interactive

5. Frozen

– used in formal ceremonies

– printed unchanging language

– wording is exactly the same time it is spoken

– static and ritualistic in nature

Examples:

• Pledge of allegiance
• Prayers
• Wedding vows

☆ John Austin

- a british philosopher of language

☆ John Searle

- an english professor

￫ language just not only used to inform or describe things, it is also used to do things or to perform acts

￫ talking is not just saying something but acting and making meaning out of the received message

★ Locutionary Act

• utterance

Example:

• “Please keep your phone”

★ Illocutionary Act

• intention
• social function of what is said

Example:

• The speaker is either requesting or commanding the addressee

★ Perlocutionary Act

• response
• resulting act of what is said

Example:

• The addressee would either keep or not keep the phone

1. Commissive

• commits the speaker to do something in the future
• includes: promising, planning, vowing

Example:

• I promise to do better for this quarter

2. Assertive

• the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition
• includes: reporting, boasting, concluding, claim

Example:

• I am empowered by my God, and I can do better
• My God is not stupid

3. Directive

• The speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action
• includes: asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, begging

Example:

• Double your effort for this quarter

4. Expressive

• the speaker address their feelings or emotional actions
• includes: thanking, apologizing, welcome, complaining

Example:

• I felt sorry for my last quarter performance

5. Declarative

• An act which brings a change in the external situation
• includes: blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a sentence, excommunication
• presence of frozen speech style

Example:

• Congratulations! You’ve made this quarter

☆ Communication

- process of sharing and conveying message or information

☆ Strategy

- a plan of action used to achieve a goal

￫ plans, ways, or means of sharing information which are adopted to achieve a particular purpose

– allowing the listeners of audience to tune in to the topic

– presenting or introducing a particular topic

❀ Why nominate?

• Help audience to recall background information about the topic
• Prepares them to listen to what is to be said about the topic
• Give your audience the first impression of your speech
• Establish your credibility with your audience

❀ How to nominate?

To begin a speech, speakers can use:

• A related quotation/proverb/bible verse
• An anecdote
  • Short story of a personal experience
• Thought-provoking question
• Survey results
• Research findings
• Thesis statement
  • A claim to prove across your speech/research
• An unconventional position
• Concrete objects

– constraining the topic of discussion to make it specific and manageable

– limiting the response of the other person involved in the communication

❀ Why restrict?

• The listener is forced to respond only within the set of categories that is set of planned by the speaker
• Properly restricted topic

❀ How to restrict?

• Using a statement with an alternate response question (i.e. yes/no, agree/disagree)

– changing from one speaker to another

– recognizing when to speak or take the turn of speaking

❀ Why take turn?

• Gives other people a chance to be heard
• Discredits the idea of monopoly of information
• Makes the communication interactive

❀ How to take turn?

• Knowing when to talk required matching our verbal and non-verbal cues
• It uses either formal or informal approach
  • Formal: permission to speak is requested
  • Informal: just jump in and start talking

- Sir I agree with the point that you have made. But may I add that…

– focuses on the topic without straying into other discussions

– using a simple question and answer formula that moves the discussion forward

– keeping the interaction by asking questions by eliciting a response

– series of question about the same topic/series of related question moving the communication forward

– open ended

❀ Why control?

• Remain focus on the topic

– changing from one topic to another

– introducing a new topic to discuss

❀ Why shift the topic?

• To begin a new topic, thus widening the information of the audience
• To share other topic/s that the speaker finds more comfortable to discuss

❀ How to shift the topic?

• Let us turn to the issue of…

– clarifying what the speaker is saying if misunderstood

– rephrasing or using other words to better express the meaning to their audience

❀ Why repair?

• To correct erroneous information
• Rephrasing or using other words to better express the meaning to his/her audience

❀ How to repair?

• What I mean is…
• Let me rephrase the statement by saying that…
• What I am trying to drive at is…
• What I want to point out is…

– ending properly any speech or discussion

– concluding the communication using verbal or non-verbal signs

❀ Why terminate?

• Summarize the shared information
• To have a clear takeaway, thus the audience remembers your topic well

❀ Importance

• Helps you drive home the big picture with your audience

❀ How to terminate?

• A strong and remarkable one-liner statement about your stand
• Using a quotation
• Using an anecdote
• Using a question (the audience will ponder on it)
• Using a line of a poem/song
• Using a picture

1. Always use I-B-C Format

Intro: attention grabbing, one-liner statement

Body: 3 sub points, credible factual evidence

Conclusion: summarize your statement in one sentence

2. Follow S-E-E

Statement

Evidence

Emotion: writing examples or telling stories

1. Informative / Expository
2. Demonstrative
3. Persuasive / Motivational
4. Entertainment

– educates the audience by providing useful & interesting information

– helps the listeners to understand a topic in a more in-depth matter

– generally objective, not subjective

– observes the IBC format in written and spoken forms

– the purpose should always begin with the infinitive “to inform”

Example:

• Sona
• News broadcast
• Research or paper presentation

Speech about…

1. People or objects - focuses on people and tangible objects

** Hidilyn Diaz

Speech purpose: To inform people about the latest accomplishments of Hidilyn Diaz in the field of weight lifting

**object: deconstructed roads → to inform the Bulaceños about the newly yet poorly constructed roads

2. Process - focuses on procedure or sequence of events

** Passport

Speech purpose: To inform the applicant about procedure in applying for Philippine passport

3. Event - focuses on an event that happened, is happening, or might happen in the future

** Vacation

Speech purpose: To inform HSAM parents and students about the school’s long christmas break

4. Concept - focuses on beliefs, knowledge, theories, principles, or ideas

** Kakistocracy → a government handled by the least suitable or incompetent citizens of a state

Speech purpose: To inform the Filipino people that kakistocracy is present in PBBM’s administration

1. Knowledge level of the audience
2. Demographic profile of the audience
3. Socio-cultural, political, & religious affiliations of the audience

– instructs and educates the audience on how to do something step-by-step

– show and tell

– delivers the speech while performing the process

– generally objective because of its procedure

– observes IBC format in written and spoken form

– should always begin with the infinitive “to demonstrate”

Example:

• DIY
• Product presentation

1. Visuals - use visual aids, concrete materials (the backbone of the speech)
2. How to - focuses on how to rather than the what is
3. Skills - decide on what practical skills you want your audience to gain

** Baked Mac

Speech purpose: To demonstrate the proper way of cooking baked macaroni…

– convince people to change the way they think or do something

– encourages people to start doing something that they are not currently doing

– presents reasonable arguments why the audience has to

– utilizes objective and subjective POV

1. Logical argument - think of it as if you were a lawyer proving a case in court
2. Opinion - opinion must be accompanied with proof (logos) if you want to persuade your audience
3. Manner - the best place to start is to appear friendly and approachable while you speak

☆ Motivational Speech

- communicates company strategy with clarity

- helps employees to see the future in a positive light

- inspires workers to pull together

– provides pleasure and enjoyment to the audience

– most challenging; makes the audience laugh using humorous jokes & amusing anecdotes

– does not intend to share into nor persuade the audience

– observes IBC format in written and spoken forms

• Intermission speech during a program
• After dinner typical speech
• Stand-up comedians

1. Timing - no matter how a statement is, it remains useless if not delivered on the right time in the right way
2. Manner - humor has to be felt & seen in one’s voice & manner of speech
3. Respect - never make fun of others to entertain people

1. Reading from a manuscript
2. Memorized speech
3. Impromptu speech
4. Extemporaneous speech

1. Reading from a manuscript

– every word from a pre-written speech

– can’t miss any single word or important fact since it’s directly from the script

– speaking with advanced preparation

– planned & rehearsed speech

– reading aloud w written message

❀ Situations

• Newscasting
• Presenting the legal proceeding & verdict in a court
• Reading

❀ Advantages

• Guided speech
• Exact repetition of the written words

❀ Disadvantages

• Boring & uninterested situation
• Lacks rapport

❀ Tips

• Focus on key phrases & highlighted words
• Practice your speech
• Glance at the highlighted words to remember
• Familiarize
• Monitor
• Rehearse
• Observe

2. Memorized Speech

– planned & rehearsed speech

– reciting a written message

– speaking with advanced (?) speech

❀ Advantages

• Monitored eye contact
• Gestures are used

❀ Disadvantages

• Fast paced

❀ Tips

• Rehearse
• Make it short

3. Impromptu Speech

❀ Advantages

• Thinking ability
• Comes off more natural
• More focused belief

❀ Disadvantages

• Disorganized thoughts
• Lack connecting with the audience
• No time to prepare & no evidence
• Lack of preparation
• Nerve wracking

❀ Scenario

• Birthday toast
• Ms. Universe
• Interview
• Speaking without advance preparation
• Unrehearsed
• Spoken conversation

❀ Tips

• Read
• “Less is more”
• Us a mnemonic
• Pause for a moment to plan in your head
• State your main points briefly
• End by saying thank you

4. Extemporaneous Speech

– speaking with limited time

– guided by notes or outline, but not necessarily holding a manuscript

– delivered conversationally

❀ Scenario

• Campaign
• Report a topic in class

❀ Advantages

• Look confident
• Engage the audience

❀ Disadvantages

• Inadequate time preparation to plan

❀ Tips

• Create an outline
• Organize your points
• Use facts or real-life experience
• Manage your time
• Rehearse, rehearse, rehearse

1. Deciding on an interesting topic to discuss
2. Determining the audience and the purpose
3. Sourcing the information
4. Outlining & organizing the speech content

1. Deciding on an interesting topic to discuss

- knowing the what

a. Look for a topic / subject that interests you

❀ How?

Choose a topic that:

1. You know
2. You love
3. Audience cares about
4. Timely & relevant
5. Relatable
6. Has social impact

b. Find something interesting on the chosen topic or the topic assigned to you

❀ How?

Ask the following questions on the assigned or chosen topic

1. Is it relatable?
2. Is it supported with story?
3. Is it relatable with current events or trends?
4. Is it injected with humor?

2. Determining the audience and the purpose

- make an audience analysis

- knowing the who & why

❀ How?

Have an audience profile

1. Demography

• age
• Male - female ratio
• Educational background

1. Situation

• time
• Venue
• Occasion

1. Psychology

• values
• Belief
• Cultures & tradition

3. Sourcing the information

- looking materials for your speech

- knowing the where

❀ How?

Depends on your topic & purpose

1. Is it academic?
2. Is it controversial?
3. Is it technical?
4. Is it loaded with emotions?
5. Is it abstract?

❀ 2 Sources

1. Primary - direct, firsthand sources of info or data

2. Secondary - discuss; rework info from primary sources

4. Outlining & organizing the speech content

- narrowing down the topic to make it manageable to discuss/present given the allotted time

- knowing the how

❀ How?

• Decide on a thesis statement
• State your central idea in a sentence or a word form
• Use accurate, precise, and comprehensive language in discussing the supporting details

❀ 2 classifications of outlines:

1. Topic Outline - from words & phrases

2. Sentence Outline - uses sentences

★ Guidelines for Speech Writing

1. Your speech is meant to be heard, not read

Keep

It

Short &

Simple

1. They can create confusion to the audience

Jargon

Acronym

Too technical terms

1. Make your speech more personal by using I/We
2. Use active verbs to make it more conversational

Active voice:Holy Spirit Academy inaugurates four new constructions

Passive voice: four new constructions are inaugurated by HSA

1. Be careful with your joke & non-verbal cues
2. Use metaphors & other figures of speech to convey your point
3. Make sure that the speech falls under the given time limit

• intimidating

8 C’s for public speaking

★ Effective public speaking is…

1. Purposive - must have a clear purpose

2.Under Pressure - intimidating & nerve-wracking

3. Building Up - support your main ideas with details; you must have something valuable to say about the topic

4. Logically Organized - arrange your ideas

5. Inspiring -

6. Contextualized -

7. Sincere - be sincere not only with your words but also with your actions

8. Perform - be an actor or actress on stage

9. Engaging - talk to you audience

10. Always Prepare - practice your speech several times/prepare for the unexpected

11. Keep Audience Attention - to hook & maintain audience

12. Inclusive - cover all main points

13. Not Perfect - accept that lapses & the unexpected can happen

14. Gain Confidence - develop a confidence to speak in front of a large crowd