13 - Livestock Female Urogenital Conditions

Diverticulum

The suburethral what is a small space below the urethral opening in the vulva/vagina that may be damaged when inserting something in the tract?

Vaginal

What type of prolapse is common in sheep and cattle, and may include the cervix? It is an intussusception at the vestibulo-vaginal junction caused by irritation and straining. Predisposing factors include multiparous animals in the last trimester, late pregnancy, mycotoxins in pigs, and breeds like Brahman, Hereford, Kerry Hill, and Romney Marsh.

1

What degree vaginal prolapse is intermittent, and occurs in freezing temperatures, due to dehydration, and can involve contamination?

2

What degree vaginal prolapse is continuous protrusion of the vaginal floor, and can involve the bladder/urethra? It will block urination.

3

Which degree vaginal prolapse is continuous of the vaginal floor, bladder, and cervix?

4

What degree vaginal prolapse is a 2-3rd degree with fibrotic or necrotic tissue from prolonged exposure?

Plug

In 3rd and 4th degree vaginal prolapses, the cervical what will be compromised? This will cause placentitis and fetal septicemia.

Yes

Should a ruminant with vaginal prolapse be slaughtered after birthing/weaning due to heritability and recurrence?

Buhner

What suture technique repairs a ruminant vaginal prolapse to support the vestibulo-vaginal junction? It is more cranial than other methods and has better retention. Vertical incisions are made dorsal and ventral to the commissures, and a Gorlach needle is used.

Vaginopexy

The Michev procedure is also known as a what? It is unilateral through the cranial roof of the vagina, sacrosciatic ligament, and gluteals or iliopsoas. It does not stop the floor from prolapsing.

Cervicopexy

The Winkler technique is also known as a what? It is unilateral through the ventral cervix to the prepubic tendon and requires two surgeons.

Buhner

What repair technique is the method of choice for vaginal prolapse in sows?

Uterine

What type of prolapse is more often in cows and ewes, and less common in sows? It occurs post-partum to the gravid horn, less than 24 hours after birth. Retained placenta, traction, hypocalcemia, and winter-fall birthings may be involved. The hind end is elevated and you replace starting at the cervix, checking to evert the horns. Oxytocin and Calcium are given after replacing. Systemic antibiotics and support are also given. There is 75% recovery and 85% conception rate. Complications can be shock, hemorrhage, embolism, intestintal/bladder prolapse, or necrosis.

Sow

If uterine prolapse occurs in which animal, it can be up to a few days postpartum and due to straining? It is replaced starting from the tip, and a left paralumbar incision may be required. A Buhner suture, oxytocin, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatories are used.

Unilateral

What type of ovariectomy is done for cystic ovary, neoplasia, abscesses, and adhesions?

Bilateral

What type of ovariectomy is done for feedlot heifers, to eliminate estrous, and to facilitate interstate movement avoiding brucellosis spread?

Follicular

Should ovariectomy be done in the follicular or luteal phase of estrous to avoid hemorrhage in cows? Feed is withheld for 24-48 hours, and grid approach, antimicrobials, and analgesics are used.

Colpotomy

Which approach to ovariectomy is done standing, to normal or small ovaries and is bilateral? The Willis drop or Kimberly Rupp and Chain Ecraseur tools are used. Catheterisation and feces evacuation is done. The vagina is lavaged, the instrument is advanced at 10/2 o’clock position, the ovary is pressed by the instrument, and rotated. For the chain ecraseur, the vaginal wall is incised at 10 and 2 o’clock, a sterile sleeve is used, and the chain is ratched over the pedicle. Complications can be hemorrhage, adhesions, peritonitis, and pain (NSAIDs used).

Luteal

Ovariectomy is usually done in small ruminants in anestrus, or which phase of estrous? Recumbency approach and pedicle ligation/transection are done.

Double

Is single or double ligation of the ovarian pedicle done in ovariectomy in pigs? Only immature pigs can get this as pyometra can occur in mature pigs.

Episiotomy

What procedure is an incision into the perineum to treat dystocia, when it is due to inadequate dilation, scarring, or conformation abnormalities? An incision is made at 2 or 10 o’clock dorsolaterally up to 10 cm long, and suturing is immediately done after delivery in two layers or deep vertical mattress.

Torsion

Uterine what condition is most common at onset of parturition, and is diagnosed by rectal palpation? You can rock and rotate the feet, use a detorsion rod/fork, or, if caudal to the cervix, you can cast and roll in the direction of the twist. C-section and paralumbar surgery can be done.

C-section

What procedure is indicated for embryo-transfer or gnotobiotic calves, for oversized fetus, malposition, monster fetus, inadequate dilation, pelvic conformation problems, torsion, prepubic tendon rupture, or vaginal constriction? A repro exam is done, analgesia/standing surgery, uterine lavage, oxytocin, and antibiotics (depends) can be involved. If done recumbent it must be quick, and is usually done standing in left paralumbar or left oblique. Paramedian has poor holding layer and is not common, and ventrolateral can be done for better exteriorization but has high infection risk and is difficult to open/close. The incision should be about 40 cm to remove calf, tent the transverse/peritoneum tissues before cutting, and make a sharp incision through the skin, obliques, and uterus, avoiding the placenta. Chains may be needed and remove placenta if it is detached.

5

How many cc is the max epidural volume used for C-section in cows to avoid desensitizing surgical field, causing recumbency, or affecting uterine contractions? Inverted L or line blocks can be used, plus paravertebrals or entire flank anesthesia.

Utrecht

What tissue pattern is used to close the uterus? It is inverting and has little exposed suture. Partial thickness is used in the msucularis and serosa, not penetrating the endometrium. 1-2 layers can be used, and rinsing and oxytocin are important.

Absorbable

What suture is used to close muscles after a c-section, with simple continuous in the transverse/peritoneum together, and both obliques in one suture bite?

Nonabsorbable

What type of suture is used to close skin after c-section, with a Ford interlocking and simple interrupted (Ventral) patterns?

Oxytocin

What hormone should be given QID until membranes pass after c-section? Calcium and antibiotics are given if necessary. Prognosis is favourable, but with 15% reduction in fertility. Endotoxemia, infection, metritis, peritonitis, and adhesions can occur.

Midline

What approach is best for c-section in sheep due to a lack of wool? The surgery is essentially the same for small ruminants as in cattle.

Paralumbar

What approach is best for c-section in pigs due to less hemorrhage and infection? Midline/paramedian can also be done. The uterine incision is close to the bifurcation, and closure is the same as cattle.