BIO 2 FINAL IWFDKMN

Allele

Variation of a gene at its locus within a chromosome

Hypothesis

Testable idea regarding the mechanism of an observed pattern

Eukaryote

Cell that contain organelles, linear DNA (Chromosomes), and a nucleus

Species

Reproductively isolated group of individuals (from ancestors)

Genetic drift

Sampling error (usually in small proportions)

Homologous pair

2 chromosomes (1 centromere & 2 chromatids each) that are grouped together during meiosis. Shares traits of both parents when aligned on metaphase plate

Diploid

Containing two sets of chromosomes.

Kinetochore

Protein formed at the centromere during mitosis and meiosis. Latches to microtubules. Kineto = motion. Moving protein

List three of the four mechanisms that act to change allele frequency.

Genetic drift, gene flow, and selection (natural and sexual).

list the basic steps of the scientific method.

1. Pattern observed

2. mechanism speculated

3. hypothesis formed

4. experiment is formed and tested

5. results are interpreted

6. conclusion reached

Distinguish a theory from a hypothesis.

Theory is the closest thing to true/real (tested extensively with same result.) Hypothesis is only speculation until tested.

list three differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Prokaryotes: Circular DNA, flagella locomotion, no organelles, smaller

Eukaryotes: Linear DNA, Undulipodia and amoeboid locomotion, organelles, bigger

Write out the species name for any species using the proper format.

Homo sapiens (Genus = Homo, specific epithet = sapiens)

List two types of locomotion found in eukaryotes and one type of locomotion found in prokaryotes.

Eukaryote: Undulipodia and amoeboid

Prokaryote: Flagella

Briefly describe the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of organelles.

Early eukaryotes engulfed prokaryotes (Chloroplasts and mitochondria) through phagocytosis, which were incorporated into the cell structure. Supported by mitochondria and chloroplasts having double membrane and separate circular DNA

Distinguish between natural selection and sexual selection.

Sexual selection: based on female choice / chances of mating based on traits [Chances of mating]

Natural Selection: differential survival based on heritable traits. [Chances of survival]

Contrast metaphase of mitosis with metaphase I of meiosis.

In metaphase during mitosis, sister chromatids are aligned on the metaphase plate, whereas in metaphase I of meiosis, the homologous pairs are aligned on the metaphase plate.

Distinguish between an autotroph and heterotroph.

Autotroph: “fixes” CO2 into sugar

Heterotroph: Finds sugar in environment

Describe the mechanism by which natural selection acts to change allele frequencies.

If a heritable characteristic increases survivorship, its proportion in a cohort will increase from birth to reproduction.

Endosperm

Triploid material generated during double fertilization. Nourishes the growing embryo inside the seed. Made from the two polar nuclei in the megaspore.

Stomata

Pores/openings on leaves that allow for evapotranspiration and gas exchange

Cotyledon

The first leaves to emerge from a seed embryo. 2 in Dicot, 1 in Monocot.

Auxin

Plant hormone responsible for stem elongation & growth, promotion of lateral bud dormancy, promotion of ethylene production, and the inhibition of abscission. Found in shoot apical meristem.

Ethylene

Gaseous plant hormone responsible for the promotion of ripening and the control of abscission. Found in root & shoot apical meristems, leaf nodes, flowers, and fruits

Gametophyte

Haploid (N) stage in plant life cycles

Stem cells

Undifferentiated cells

Dehiscent fruit

Dry fruit that splits along a seam or has multiple pores.

List 1 non-tracheophyte plant phylum, and 2 tracheophyte plant phyla.

Non-tracheophyte: Bryophyta

Tracheophyte: Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta

For each of the following groups, list a diagnostic character: Angiosperms (phylum Anthophyta), Gymnosperms, and Tracheophytes

Angiosperms (phylum Anthophyta): Flowers, fruits, double fertilization

Gymnosperms: Embryo stored in female sporangium, not in fruit

Tracheophytes: Xylem & phloem, vascular leaves with stomata, and seeds + pollination

Name the primary meristem that gives rise to the following tissue types: Xylem, trichomes and root hairs, and sieve-tube members

Xylem: Procambium

Trichomes and root hairs: Protoderm

Sieve-tube members: Procambium

Indicate whether the following structures are haploid, diploid, or dikaryotic: Gametangium, sporangium, and antipodal cell (Angiosperms)

Gametangium: Haploid

Sporangium: Diploid

Antipodal cell (Angiosperms): Haploid

Indicate whether the following stages are haploid, diploid, or dikaryotic: Megaspore mother cell (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms), pollen (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms), and sporophyte (Land plants)

Megaspore mother cell (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms): Diploid

Pollen (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms): Haploid

Sporophyte (Land plants): Diploid

Name the general structure of fruit that will be produced by the following:

1. A single flower with many unfused pistils

2. Many flowers, each with a single pistil, where the carpels fuse

3. A single flower with a single pistil

1. Aggregate

2. Multiple

3. Simple

In terms of cell fates, how do the cells of the apical meristem differ from those of the lateral meristems of woody plants?

Cells at the apical meristem are totipotent and can become anything. Lateral meristem cells are pluripotent, and can only become xylem or phloem.

List three differences between tracheids and sieve tube members.

1. Tracheids move water, sieve tube members move sucrose.

2. Tracheids are dead at maturity, sieve tube members are living.

3. Sieve tube members utilize companion cells, tracheids do not.

List three characteristics that distinguish monocot Angiosperms from dicot Angiosperms.

Dicot: 2 cotyledons, “Branching” vascular leaves, Petals in sets of 4 or 5

Monocot: 1 cotyledon, Leaf veins parallel to leaf, petals in sets of 3

Bilateral symmetry

1 plane of symmetry

Diploblastic

2 germ layers

Schizocoely

Division of mesentoblast via movement & proliferation into sheets to form a mesoderm-lined coelom

Aseptate hypha

lack septa in hyphae

Macromere

Larger blastomeres typically found at the vegetal pole as a result of holoblastic, unequal cleavage

Gastrulation

Movement of blastula to create layers

Epiboly

Micromeres at the the animal pole migrate to cover macromeres at vegetal pole

Cnidocyte

Stinging cell present in Cnidaria

Dikaryotic

N+N, not 2N

Telolecithal

Yolk concentrated at vegetal pole, which slows/stops cleavage

Indicate whether the following structures are haploid, diploid, or dikaryotic:

1. Fruiting body of Basidiomycetes

2. Zygosporangium (Sexual phase of Zygomycetes)

3. Conidia of Ascomycetes

1. N+N

2. N+N

3. N

List a diagnostic (distinguishing) character for each of the following:

1. Fungi

2. Cnidaria

3. Porifera

1. Heterotrophic, chitin cell walls, nuclear mitosis, transient diploid stages.

2. Gelatinous middle layer called Mesoglea, radial symmetry, diffusion across body wall, diploblastic, tissue grade, radial Holoblastic Cleavage

3. No adult characteristic symmetry, Skeleton made of spongin or spicules, middle layer called mesohyl, cell grade, radial holoblastic cleavage.

Distinguish fruticose lichens from crustose lichens.

Fructicose are larger and bushier than crustose, which are flat.

Why do the fruiting bodies of Ascomycota have sterile hyphae, while those of Basidiomycota do not?

The “female” hyphae absorbs all nuclei from the “male” hyphae in Ascomycota

Name a representative from the following phyla:

1. Echinodermata

2. Porifera

3. Cnidaria

1. Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

2. Sponges

3. Jellyfish, man o’ war

Name the phyla in which you would find the following organisms:

1. Jellyfish

2. Sponges

3. Capped (gilled) mushrooms

1. Cnidaria

2. Porifera

3. Basidiomycetes

What type of cleavage (holoblastic/meroblastic; equal/unequal) should be expected from the following:

1. Strongly telolecithal ovum

2. Isolecithal ovum

3. Moderately telolecithal ovum

1. Meroblastic; unequal

2. Holoblastic; equal

3. Holoblastic; unequal

Contrast the origin of mesoderm and the development of the coelom in the protostomes and the deuterostomes.

In Protostomes, a 4D cell called a mesentoblast proliferates into sheets and divides through the process of schizocoely to form the mesoderm-lined coelem. In Deuterostomes, the out-pocketing of the archenteron via the process of enterocoely forms a mesoderm-lined pocket called an enterocoel (enterocoely derived coelem)

Contrast the developmental fate (through gastrulation) of a weakly telolecithal ovum that undergoes holoblastic cleavage with that of a strongly telolecithal ovum that undergoes meroblastic cleavage

A blastula as a result of holoblastic, unequal cleaving may appear as a stereoblastula, or a solid ball of blastomeres. The process of epiboly would surround the macromeres to form a blastopore. A blastula resulting from a meroblastic, unequal cleaving may appear as a discoblastula. The disk of micromeres on the uncleaved yolk would fold under themselves through the process of involution.

S-phase

(Synthesis phase) DNA synthesis phase of cell cycle occurring between G1 and G2

Anagenisis

Population genetics

Describe the mechanism of allopatric (vicariance) speciation, and explain how allopatric speciation would produce an evolutionary pattern of cladogenesis.

Allopatric speciation is caused by a vicariance event, which is a physical barrier causing a separation of a population into 2 or more separate populations. These populations would evolve separately from one another, eventually becoming its own species suited to their specific environment.

Explain why Prokaryotes are smaller than Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes lack membrane bound organelles and a nucleus, relying on diffusion for nutrients. Their smaller size ensures a higher SA/V ratio for more efficient absorption and faster growth.

Interphase of Meiosis

• Cell copies DNA

• Performs functions

Prophase I of Meiosis

• Cell prepares for division

• Chromatin condenses

• Membrane disassociates

• Asters anchor at poles

Metaphase I of Meiosis

• Homologous pairs align on metaphase plate

• Kinetochore proteins attach to microtubules at centromere

• Non-kinetochore proteins span cell

• Homologous groups share alleles

Anaphase I of Meiosis

• Kinetochore proteins shrink

• Non-kinetochore proteins elongate

• Homologous groups separate

Telophase I of Meiosis

• Chromatin unwinds

• Membrane reforms

• Asters disassociate

• Interphase starts again

Prophase II of Meiosis

Same as Prophase I of Meiosis

Metaphase II of Meiosis

Same as Metaphase I of Meiosis, but sister chromatids align rather than homologous pairs (no sharing of alleles)

Anaphase II of Meiosis

Same as Anaphase I of Meiosis, but sister chromatids split not homologous pairs

Telophase II of Meiosis

Same as Telophase I of Meiosis. [Left with 2 gametes containing HALF set of chromosomes EACH]

Pollen

Powdery substance produced by anthers and microsporangiate cones, containing the male gametophytes that produce sperm

Name the type of fleshy fruit shown in the diagram

Drupe

Name the carpel layer indicated by the letter A

Exocarp

Name the carpel layer indicated by the letter B

Mesocarp

Name the cell type represented by the letter E

Choanicites or Collar cells

Name the cell type represented by the letter F

Amoebocyte

Name the cell type represented by the letter G

Pinacocyte

Which number signifies the hypothetical ancestor in which tissue-grade organization arose

2

Which number signifies the hypothetical ancestor in which enterocoely arose

8

Which number signifies the hypothetical ancestor in which ecdysis arose

6

Which number signifies the hypothetical ancestor in which the diploblastic pattern of germ layers arose

2

Which number signifies the hypothetical ancestor in which the triploblastic pattern of germ layers arose

3

Which number signifies the hypothetical ancestor in which the mesoderm, formed by the outpocketing of the archenteron, arose

8

What is meant by the alternation of generations

Alternation of generations refers to the alternation between the haploid gametophyte stage and diploid sporophyte stage in plants life cycle

Mollusca meaning

Latin: “soft nut”

Characteristics of ancestral mollusc

open circulatory system, heart, and sinuses

What part of this ancestral mollusk is labeled 1?

Sensory tentacle

What part of this ancestral mollusk is labeled 2?

Shell secreted by mantle

What part of this ancestral mollusk is labeled 3?

Digestive gland

What part of this ancestral mollusk is labeled 4?

Gonads

What part of this ancestral mollusk is labeled 5?

Gills

What part of this ancestral mollusk is labeled 6?

Muscular foot

What part of this ancestral mollusk is labeled 7?

Style in sac

What part of this ancestral mollusk is labeled 8?

Radula, or rasping teeth

Characteristics of gills in ancestral mollusk

Come in pairs, allow for gas exchange, and are ciliated to generate water flow that diverts feces away from the gills

General facts regarding mollusca

Very diverse, and have a very plastic body plan

What is meant by a “plastic” body plan?

Very changeable

What two components of Mollusca are very plastic

Shell and radula

What are the 3 plastic functions of a mollusca shell, and who are they utilized by

• Protection: snails and clams

• Buoyancy: octopi, nautili, and cuttlefish

• Endoskeleton: Squids

4 classes of Mollusca

Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, and Cephalopoda

Representatives of the class Polyplacophora

Chitons

Polyplacophora

Many plate bearing