COVID vaccine

o'donnell

conventional approaches to vaccine

whole virus, protein subunit, VLPs

novel approaches to vaccine

mRNA, non-replicating viral vector

immunological necessities from COVID vaccine

antibodies against receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike protein & Tcell responses to preserve memory

moderna vaccine

mRNA vaccine for SARS-CoV2 spike protein

moderna vaccine characteristics

modified mRNA sequence = more stable

encapsulated within liquid nanoparticle to protect RNA from degradation

easy to take up by APCs

pfizer vaccine

mRNA for spike protein w/ modified uridines to increase stability & translation

unique factor of Pfizer vaccine

RNA itself = adjuvant & trigger for immune system

mRNA immune response pathophysiology

IM vaccination & mRNA/antigen uptake by APCs

trafficking to lymph nodes & Tcells primed

CD4, then ZCH8 activation

GC rxn

novavax

protein subunit vaccine, spike produced in insect cells & used to coat nanoparticles

adjuvant = Matrix M

maxtrix-m adjuvant source

sap of soap tree

janssen vaccine

replication-defective adenovirus carrying gene for SARS-CoV2 spike protein (viral vector)

backbone of current Ebola vaccine

reason for discontinuation of Janssen vaccine

risk of thrombosis via thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS)

side effects of COVID vaccines

pain, swelling

fever & chills

headache & fatigue

discomfort reduction (location of vaccination)

clean, cool, wet washcloth over area & use/exercise your arm

discomfort reduction (fever)

fluids & dress lightly

use of ibuprofen, aspirin, antihistamines, acetaminophen w/ vaccination

ONLY after vaccination

primary series of COVID booster shots

monovalent, designed against OG 2019 strand

2022 booster

bivalent, designed to provide significant protection against OG strains & omicron sub variants (BA.4 & BA.5)

symptomatic infection & severe illness protection

variants accounting for almost all of circulating strains by September 2023

XBB, bivalent booster waned

booster in 2023-2024 to protect against XBB variants

monovalent

current COVID boosters

moderna & pfizer (mRNA)

novavax (protein subunit)

purpose of boosting

increases crossreactivity from neutralizing antibodies & Tcells hold up against variants

vaccine responses

polyclonal

polyclonal vaccine response

bodies make different antibodies against spike protein & unlikely that variant will interfere w/ all antibodies

result of boosting

affinity maturation & broader/more efficient antibodies

prototype pathogen in COVID vaccine development

coronaviruses = known outbreak potential

SARS & MERS developed/tested mRNA platform before COVID19

mRNA vaccine length of study

20yrs w/ phase 1 safety data available

plug & play mRNA vaccine

fast/easy to produce w/ no infectious virus & able to modify for new strains

type of protein used in mRNA vaccine

stabilized spike protein (2 prolines added)

stabilized spike protein discovery

MERS & respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

disease states w/ mRNA technology being studied

flu, HIV, malaria, tuberculosis, Lyme, pancreatic, sickle cell anemia, peanut allergies