Carboxylic Acid Reactions

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Last updated 8:48 AM on 4/30/26
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14 Terms

1
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Oxidation (1° alcohol → acid)

Starting Material: Primary alcohol; Reagents / Conditions: Strong oxidant (KMnO₄, Na₂Cr₂O₇); Product: Carboxylic acid; Key Notes: Goes past aldehyde

<p>Starting Material: Primary alcohol; Reagents / Conditions: Strong oxidant (KMnO₄, Na₂Cr₂O₇); Product: Carboxylic acid; Key Notes: Goes past aldehyde</p>
2
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Oxidation of aldehyde

Starting Material: Aldehyde; Reagents / Conditions: Oxidizing agent; Product: Carboxylic acid; Key Notes: Very easy oxidation

<p>Starting Material: Aldehyde; Reagents / Conditions: Oxidizing agent; Product: Carboxylic acid; Key Notes: Very easy oxidation</p>
3
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Grignard carboxylation

Starting Material: RMgX; Reagents / Conditions: CO₂, then H₃O⁺; Product: Carboxylic acid; Key Notes: Adds one carbon

<p>Starting Material: RMgX; Reagents / Conditions: CO₂, then H₃O⁺; Product: Carboxylic acid; Key Notes: Adds one carbon</p>
4
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Nitrile hydrolysis

Starting Material: Nitrile; Reagents / Conditions: H₃O⁺, heat; Product: Carboxylic acid; Key Notes: Via amide intermediate

<p>Starting Material: Nitrile; Reagents / Conditions: H₃O⁺, heat; Product: Carboxylic acid; Key Notes: Via amide intermediate</p>
5
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Oxidation of alkylbenzene

Starting Material: Alkylbenzene; Reagents / Conditions: KMnO₄, heat; Product: Benzoic acid; Key Notes: Needs benzylic H

<p>Starting Material: Alkylbenzene; Reagents / Conditions: KMnO₄, heat; Product: Benzoic acid; Key Notes: Needs benzylic H</p>
6
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Acid-base reaction

Starting Material: Carboxylic acid; Reagents / Conditions: Base (NaOH, etc.); Product: Carboxylate ion; Key Notes: Strong acidity

<p>Starting Material: Carboxylic acid; Reagents / Conditions: Base (NaOH, etc.); Product: Carboxylate ion; Key Notes: Strong acidity</p>
7
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Formation of acid chloride

Starting Material: Carboxylic acid; Reagents / Conditions: SOCl₂ or PCl₅; Product: Acid chloride; Key Notes: Activates acid

<p>Starting Material: Carboxylic acid; Reagents / Conditions: SOCl₂ or PCl₅; Product: Acid chloride; Key Notes: Activates acid</p>
8
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Formation of ester

Starting Material: Carboxylic acid; Reagents / Conditions: ROH, H⁺; Product: Ester; Key Notes: Fischer esterification

<p>Starting Material: Carboxylic acid; Reagents / Conditions: ROH, H⁺; Product: Ester; Key Notes: Fischer esterification</p>
9
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Hydrolysis of ester

Starting Material: Ester; Reagents / Conditions: H₃O⁺ or OH⁻; Product: Carboxylic acid; Key Notes: Reverse reaction

<p>Starting Material: Ester; Reagents / Conditions: H₃O⁺ or OH⁻; Product: Carboxylic acid; Key Notes: Reverse reaction</p>
10
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Formation of amide

Starting Material: Carboxylic acid; Reagents / Conditions: NH₃ or amine; Product: Amide; Key Notes: Often via acid chloride

<p>Starting Material: Carboxylic acid; Reagents / Conditions: NH₃ or amine; Product: Amide; Key Notes: Often via acid chloride</p>
11
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Decarboxylation

Starting Material: β-keto acid; Reagents / Conditions: Heat; Product: CO₂ + ketone; Key Notes: Loses CO₂

<p>Starting Material: β-keto acid; Reagents / Conditions: Heat; Product: CO₂ + ketone; Key Notes: Loses CO₂</p>
12
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Reduction to alcohol

Starting Material: Carboxylic acid; Reagents / Conditions: LiAlH₄; Product: Primary alcohol; Key Notes: Strong reduction

<p>Starting Material: Carboxylic acid; Reagents / Conditions: LiAlH₄; Product: Primary alcohol; Key Notes: Strong reduction</p>
13
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Reduction to aldehyde (indirect)

Starting Material: Acid derivative; Reagents / Conditions: Controlled reduction; Product: Aldehyde; Key Notes: Not direct from acid

<p>Starting Material: Acid derivative; Reagents / Conditions: Controlled reduction; Product: Aldehyde; Key Notes: Not direct from acid</p>
14
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Formation of carboxylate salt

Starting Material: Carboxylic acid; Reagents / Conditions: NaHCO₃; Product: Carboxylate + CO₂; Key Notes: Gas evolution test