Animal Diseases and Management: Zoonotic Diseases

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the definition, classification, transmission, and specific examples of zoonotic diseases as presented in Lecture 9.

Zoonosis

A disease that can be transmitted between animals and humans, derived from the Greek words for animals and diseases.

ZOON

A Greek term meaning "animals".

NOSES

A Greek term meaning "diseases".

Direct zoonoses

Infections which can be directly or mechanically transmitted to people from animals and are capable of being maintained in a single species of animal.

Cyclozoonoses

Zoonotic infections that require at least two vertebrate hosts, one of which may be human, to complete their life cycle.

Metazoonoses

Diseases of vertebrate animals that affect humans where the infectious agents replicate or develop in and are transmitted by an invertebrate vector.

Saprozoonoses

Diseases where infectious agents are capable of replicating in inanimate sites or require an inanimate environment for the development of an infectious stage.

Emerging human pathogens

Zoonoses account for over $60\%$ of known human pathogens and $75\%$ of emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases.

Urban rabies

A form of rabies maintenance where dogs serve as the primary transmitters.

Sylvatic rabies

A form of forest rabies where many species of wildlife serve as transmitters.

Rabies Etiology

A member of the Rhabdoviridae family consisting of a single stranded RNA enclosed within a bullet-shape capsid.

Hydrophobia

A clinical symptom of rabies characterized by painful spasms of the throat muscles when swallowing.

Pasteurella maultocida

A pleomorphic ovoid to filamentous gram negative bacilli present in the oral cavities of most cats and dogs.

Cellulitis

A clinical manifestation of Pasteurellosis caused by dog or cat bites, scratches, or by an animal licking a wound.

Anthrax Etiology

Bacillus anthracis, which is a large, gram positive, spore-forming bacillus.

Eschars

Depressed blackened lesions that form during cutaneous anthrax as a result of a necrotoxin.

Cutaneous anthrax

A form of human anthrax characterized by blackened lesions entering through breaks in the skin.

Pulmonary anthrax

A form of anthrax caused by inhaling spores from contaminated animal products, usually resulting in death within $24\,h$ regardless of treatment.

Brucellosis

Also known as Malta fever, Mediterranean fever, or undulant fever; a systemic infection where organisms multiply inside the cells of the reticuloendothelial system.

Undulating fever

A rising-and-falling fever pattern characteristic of Brucellosis.

Brucella melitensis

The most common agent of human brucellosis, originating from goats.

Ebola virus incubation period

A period lasting from $2$ to $21$ days before humans develop symptoms and become infectious.

Ebola primary host

A particular species of fruit bat considered to be the possible host for the virus in Africa.

Taenia saginata

The beef tapeworm, which can grow up to $10\,m$ long and has a life span of $25$ years or more.

Cysticercus bovis

The larval stage of Taenia saginata found in beef.

Taenia solium

The pork tapeworm, which can grow up to $7\,m$ in length and has a primary host of humans.

Cysticercus cellulosae

The larval stage of Taenia solium found in pigs.

Human echinococcosis

Also known as hydatid disease, caused by the larval stages of tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus granulosus.

Hydatid cyst

A fluid-filled sac formed by Echinococcus granulosus, commonly found in the liver and lungs of the intermediate host.

Toxoplasma gondii

The causative agent of Toxoplasmosis, where tachyzoites can infect a fetus via the bloodstream if a pregnant woman is infected.

Lyme disease etiology

Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and transmitted by ticks of the genus Ixodes.

Erythema migrans

An expanding ring-form skin lesion, often with a "bull's-eye" appearance, early in Lyme disease.

Yersinia pestis

A gram negative bacillus that serves as the etiology for the plague.

Xenopsylla cheopis

The flea species that acts as a vector for the plague, with rats as the natural host.

Bubonic plague

A form of plague where patients develop tender and painful lymph nodes called buboes.

Septicemic plague

A form of plague where skin and other tissues may turn black and die, especially on fingers, toes, and the nose.

Pneumonic plague

The most serious form of plague and the only one that can spread from person to person via infectious droplets.

Histoplasma

A dimorphic fungus whose filamentous mold form is found in soil containing bird or bat droppings.

Epidemiological triad

A model used to explain disease occurrences consisting of three components: Agent, Host, and Environment.

Agent (In the Triad)

The cause of the disease, which can be biological, chemical, or physical.

Host (In the Triad)

The organism that harbors the disease, influenced by factors like age, genotype, and nutritional status.

Environment (In the Triad)

External conditions such as weather, housing, and geography that affect disease transmission.

Infectivity

The ability of an agent to enter and multiply in the host.

Pathogenicity

The ability of an agent to cause disease.

Virulence

The severity of the disease caused by an agent.

Immunogenicity

The ability of an agent to stimulate an immune response.

Antigenic stability

The ability of an agent to remain unchanged, which is important for vaccine development.

One Health

A concept recognizing that human health, animal health, and environmental health are interconnected.

Vector-borne transmission

The spread of zoonotic diseases through organisms such as ticks, flies, and mosquitoes.

Saprozoonoses Example

Histoplasmosis and Toxocariasis are examples of diseases categorized by an inanimate reservoir requirement.