PSCI 101D Chapter 5 Key Terms

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Last updated 7:28 AM on 5/2/26
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17 Terms

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Myelination

The process within the brain that involves neurons becoming insulated with myelin (white, gray fatty sheath) allowing faster neural communication.

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At what age is the brain at 90% of adult weight? 

Six years old

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Executive function

The cognitive ability to organize thoughts in the brain in order to execute and plan certain actions. (problem-solving, working memory) 

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What are the three core executive functions? 

  • Working memory: The ability to retain a small amount of information for immediate access.

  • Inhibitory control: The ability to control responses.

  • Cognitive flexibility: The ability to see things from another point of view rather than staying stuck on one idea.

<ul><li><p>Working memory: The ability to retain a small amount of information for immediate access.</p></li><li><p><span>Inhibitory control</span><span style="background-color: transparent;">: The ability to control responses.</span></p></li><li><p>Cognitive flexibility: The ability to see things from another point of view rather than staying stuck on one idea.</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Theory of mind

The cognitive ability to understand what other people are thinking (thoughts, desires, emotions, beliefs).

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When does the theory of mind develop during childhood?

Four years old

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How is the theory of mind tested?

False-belief problems

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Preoperational Stage

The second stage of cognitive development according to Jean Piaget, which includes language and imagination; occurs between ages 2 to 7

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Symbolic Representation

The cognitive ability to mentally represent object and experiences through symbols.

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Egocentrism

The cognitive ability to think that everything is centered around you.

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Appearance-focus

The cognitive ability to excessively place importance on physical looks. 

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Static Reasoning

The cognitive ability to think that nothing will change and everything will stay the same.

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Irreversibility

The cognitive ability to think that nothing can be returned to its original form.

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Conservation

The understanding that despite transformation in the physical amount, the amount remains the same.

Ex. counting and rearranging

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What mental processes occur during the preoperational stage of development?

  • Symbolic Representation

  • Egocentrism

  • Appearance-focus

  • Static Reasoning

  • Irreversibility

  • Conservation

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Scaffolding

A form of temporary support to help a learner master the next task in a given learning process.

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What is the zone of proximal development?

The space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance.