History and Culture of US

Cultural landkape is

cultural studies interconsepts of identity ,history, and cultural memory

Cultural Memory

something that is connected to a place

Natral landskape

preserved place for future generations , wisely bounded by nature

Urban landskape

formed by human actions to original enviroment

The city

cultural ladnskape as memory of generations emodied in different ways of art

Forms of cultural landskape

Real - a land of facts,space,place,city and territory
Fantastic - a land to with certain symbolic or spiritual meaning and cultural legacy or myth ,legends are ascribed
Ideal - the land that is ideal in a given time.

Identity in cultural studies

us bit a fixed thing but rather a procces of becoming

by what Identity can be influenced

History,culture,sexuality,ethnicity,gender,location,nationaly,class

Kinds of identity

national- person feels bounded to a state,nation
transnational -formed beyond virtual ,cultural ,lagnuange,national borders
Ethnic - set of characteristics that can be different from others that can be determined
Religious - mostly associated with a way of life.Historicaly it can belong to specific religion
Spiritual - doesn’t have to be linked to religous structures

Culture divison

Material
Social
Spiritual
Folklore
Art

Culture definitions

Latin word colere = cultivate
Marctus Tullius Cicero = “cutlivation of the soul”
The middle ages = cult and mystical or religious content
Renaisance = man as an active creator of culture
Enlightenment = a sphere of human exsistance wich stood in a contrast with world’s nature
Immanuel Kant(Archiological defenition) = culture isa group of positive values that contribute humanization of man and the development of his abilities

Culture relativism

culture can be studied only from it’s own spectre

Plurality of cultures

individual cultures are equal

Multicurturalism

different culture groups coexists and have same rigths in society and they don’t have to communicate with each other

Interculturalism

main point is that different cultures comminicate and exchange information and in the peak to live in harmony

intercultural competence

ability to communicate with participan from different cultural group

Intercultural communication

communcation between members of different cultural group and each other understand and accepts difference

Intercultural dialogue

highest form of communication between different cultural groups

Powers of Federal government

.Defence and militart
.Foreign policy
Interstate and international comerce
.Currency
.Postal services
.Patents and copyrights

Powers of State government

.Education
.Police and public safety
.Health and Welfare
.State infrastructure
.Local governance

Shared powers

tax citizens
establish courts
Build infrastrucutre
Create and enforce laws
Regulate buisneses

legislative branch (congers and house of representatives)

.Make laws
.Declare war
.Regulate commerce
.Approves federal budget

Executive branch (president)

commands the military
votes or sings law
enforces laws
appoints federal officials

Judical branch(Supreme court)

interpett laws
reviews law to constitutionality
resolves disputes

homestead act

.free farms to families of settlers in the west
any head of the family at the age of 21 could claim one or to
immigrants who intented to become citizens

naturalists

demanded government and people of the usa to save the national’s natural heritage

centenail exposition in philadelphia

celebration of 100 aniversary of america as independent nation

buisnesmens who had money and was leaders of the growth of the american industry

“captains of industry” or “robber barons'“

kings of the growing industry

andrew carngie and john.rockefeller

mass production

system where machines made guns ,all parts were exatly alike any part would fit any gun

Laissez faire

before 1900 most americans believed that government should not interfierence into the economy and buisneses of individuals

progressive movement leader

theodore roosevelt

“new freedom”

Woodrow Wilson made reforms such as law that give workers conpencation for injuries at work

the leage of nations

organization to keep peace instead of war ,americans did not want to be involved into european matters

The Mayflower comapct

the first political establishment

pilligrims and strangers agreed to work together for good for all
plymoth settlers agreed to set up government “ cilvil body politic” to make” just and equal laws”

rhode island

“land of the opposite minded “ complete religious freedom,separation of church and state established by roger williams

who founded pensylwania

william penn but owner was king charles 2

the society of friends

quakers - refused to swear oaths and fight in wars

capt john smith

was one of the political leader in the post-collumbian immigration period

wrote about her captivity in the hands of indians

mary rowlandson

people from what places came to america durring “new immigration”

the southern and eastern europe (spain,italy,bulgaria and romania)

Elis island

main immigration station for the US ,located in new yourk,

the pledge of allegiance

a promise of loyalte to the US
I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all

Reed-johson immigration act

national origin quotas - numbers of admissions per country

brain drain

US recruits proffesionals which logicaly reduce professionals in their homeland

hemispherical and regional quotas

regulated the number of immigrants per country or per hemiphsere

The old deluder law

required vilages with 50+ families to provide schools

educational awekening

the historical shift toward modernized enlightenment-era schooling, or modern holistic and "deschooling" philosophies emphasizing self-discovery over rote instruction

The morill act

established a land-grant universities in every states

the stamp act

taxes on newspapers,licenses,legal papers

the articles of confederation

states agreed to cooperate

сore principles of individualism and state control

state system of education - each state determines its own educational framework ,
Financial localism - different amount of funding per student across states and districts
Teacher qualification - requirements for the teacher varies by state
Curculium variations - different texbooks and teaching materials used across districts and states

Religious Liberalism in Education

Constitutional foundation - US schools follow first amedmen’s principle of separation of curch and state,they can’t promote any religion but must maintain religious neturality
Inclusive approach - schools aknowledge different religious tradition.students can worship privately.Aims to respect individual religious freedom and maintain institutional neturality

where and when was founding first school in America?

in Jamestown durring Puritain period

who supported knowledge dissemination

washington and jefferson

SAT

Scholastic Aptitude Test

Jim Crown Laws

states and laws were establish to separate the white and blacks in the American South

Сheck and balances

system in which each branch influence each other and prevents one to become to powerfull

the most colourfull part of the USA

Soth and south east

the most typical region of the usa

midwest

rich in ethnic groups

southwest

region of optimist and progress

west

christopher columbus

set sail from spain to find a new way from Europe to Asia
landed on san salvador,believed he landed in Indies and named people who greeted him indians

Gave France chance to claim France

Jacquez Cartier

governor of puerto rico and came to new world with Columbus

Ponce de Leon

named america “america” and corrected Columbus mistakes

Amerigo Vespucci

The virginia company

john stock company paid settler,they had to set up colonies and find goods across atlantic coast of north america

house of burgesses

was set up to control colony,first democratycaly elected legyslative body

who brought the first dried leaves of tobacco to England

Sir Walter Raleigh

the last 13th colony owned by english

georgia

political establishment resembling and early democracy

mayflower compact

explored the lands on both sides of st.lawrence river and set up trading posts

Samuel De Champaing

common secne

pampet written by Thomas Paine explaining independence and was persuading colonists to be free from Britain completely

13th amedment

confirm united states as one nation

black code

no right to vote for blacks

freedmen’s bureau

providing blakcs in the south of their rights

reconstruction act

dismissed the white governments of the southern states and place them under military rule

considered reconstruction governments incompetent and disonest

democratic party

who launched space race

dwight.d.eisenhower

second person sent on the moon and the fifth man to walk on the moon

alan shepard

fisrt american astronaut to orbit the earth

john glen

world’s first earth satelite

the sputnik

domino theory

asia has a lot of unsetteled countires and if one of them (vietnam )falls under communis so will the other

vietcong

ho chi minh’s army of 100 000 men

how communist marked their victory in wining vietnam war?

they renamed city saigon to Ho chi mihn city

the berlin wall

east germans prevented citizens from fleeing of east part (communisitc)to democratic part part of berlin (west) .Ultimate symbol of cold war

(salt)the strategic arms limitation treaty

slow down the arms race ,saving both countries a lot of money and making war less possible