Week 1 Book Content

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering community health concepts, family development, lifespan safety, maternal-fetal health statistics, and reproductive disorders.

Health Equity

The attainment of the highest level of health for all people.

Health Disparity

A particular type of health difference closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage, influenced by race, ethnicity, poverty, sex, and other factors.

Social Determinants of Health

The conditions in the environments in which people are born, live, work, play, worship, and age that affect quality-of-life outcomes and risks.

Vulnerable Populations

Groups including racial and ethnic minorities, those living in poverty, women, children, older adults, residents of rural areas, and people with disabilities.

Nuclear Family

A traditional family composed of two parents and their children.

Community Health Nursing

Nursing that focuses on the healthcare needs of whole populations within a community.

Community-Based Nursing

A personalized approach focusing on individuals and families within a population to manage acute or chronic health problems.

Needs Assessment

The process of looking at underlying causes of poverty in a community and the available resources.

Health Needs Assessment

The prioritization of health care needs within a specified geographical area.

Sudden Infant Death (SID) Prevention

Guidelines stating infants should sleep on their backs with nothing else in the crib; second-hand smoke is noted to increase risk.

Car Safety for Toddlers

Children should remain in a rear-facing car seat until the age of $2$.

Stereotyping

The assumption that all members of a culture, ethnic group, or race act in the same way.

Implicit Bias

Attitudes or stereotypes held toward people without conscious knowledge.

Cultural Imposition

The belief that everyone else should conform to one's own belief system.

Cultural Blindness

Ignoring cultural differences and proceeding as though they do not exist.

Culture Conflict

A state where awareness of cultural differences leads to feeling threatened and ridiculing others' traditions to feel secure.

Care Coordination

The deliberate organization of patient care activities between two or more participants to facilitate appropriate health service delivery.

Nurse Navigator

A clinically trained nurse responsible for identifying and removing health barriers for patients.

Patient Navigator

A nurse, social worker, or lay person without a clinical background who focuses on support aspects of care.

Morbidity

The measure of the prevalence of a specific illness or the presence of disease in a population at a particular time.

Maternal Mortality

The annual number of female deaths related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management during pregnancy, childbirth, or within $42$ days of termination.

Intrauterine Fetal Demise (IUFD)

Spontaneous intrauterine death of a fetus at any time during pregnancy per $1,000$ live births.

Neonatal Mortality

Death of a baby occurring within the first $28$ days of life.

Infant Mortality

The number of deaths occurring in the first $12$ months of life, often used as an index of a country's general health.

Children with Medical Complexity (CMC)

Children with substantial health needs and chronic conditions who represent less than $1\%$ of U.S. children but account for over $\frac{1}{3}$ of pediatric healthcare costs.

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)

Actual or threatened physical, sexual, or psychological abuse within a relationship, often following a cycle of tension building, explosion, reconciliation, and calm.

Endometrium

The mucosal layer lining the uterine cavity and the primary target tissue for estrogen.

Menarche

The first menstrual cycle, occurring at an average age of $12.4$ years.

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Hypothalamic hormone that induces the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Anterior pituitary hormone responsible for the maturation of the ovarian follicle, peaking during the first week of the follicular phase.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Anterior pituitary hormone that triggers the final maturation of follicles, ovulation, and the formation of the corpus luteum.

Progesterone

Hormone secreted by the corpus luteum during the second half of the menstrual cycle to prepare the endometrium for implantation.

Mittelschmerz

One-sided abdominal pain felt by approximately $40\%$ of females around the time of ovulation.

Follicular Phase

The ovarian cycle phase where follicles grow to produce a mature ovum for fertilization.

Luteal Phase

The phase following ovulation where the ruptured follicle forms the corpus luteum and secretes progesterone.

Proliferative Phase

The endometrial phase where the uterine lining thickens and glands form, stimulated by increased estrogen.

Secretory Phase

The endometrial phase beginning at ovulation where the lining becomes vascular and glandular in preparation for implantation.

Menopause

The irreversible end of menstruation, defined as one year without a period, with an average age of $51.4$.

Primary Amenorrhea

The absence of menses due to congenital abnormalities, Turner syndrome, or physiological delays.

Secondary Amenorrhea

The cessation of menses in a woman who previously menstruated, often due to pregnancy, menopause, or systemic disease.

Dysmenorrhea

Painful menstruation, which can be primary (no underlying disorder) or secondary (caused by conditions like endometriosis or PID).

Endometriosis

An estrogen-dominant inflammatory process where endometrial-like tissue grows outside the uterus, causing pelvic pain and infertility.

Chlamydia

The most commonly reported STI caused by Chlamydia trachomatis; treated with Doxycycline as first-line therapy.

Gonorrhea

STI caused by Neisseria gonorrhea, often co-infected with chlamydia; treated with dual therapy of Ceftriaxone and Azithromycin.

Syphilis

STI caused by Treponema palladium; characterized by stages including Primary (chancre), Secondary (rash), Latent, and Tertiary (systemic effects).

Trichomoniasis

STI caused by a protozoan; symptoms include a foul-smelling yellow/green vaginal discharge; treated with Metronidazole.

Genital Herpes

Incurable viral infection (HSV $1$ & $2$) causing blister-like lesions; managed with antivirals like Acyclovir.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

The cause of genital warts and cancers of the cervix; a vaccine is recommended beginning at age $12$.

P-LI-SS-IT Model

A nursing model for sexual health consisting of Permission, Limited Information, Specific Suggestions, and Intensive Therapy.

Infertility

A disease characterized by the inability to conceive after $1$ year of regular unprotected intercourse.

Clomiphene citrate (Clomid)

A nonsteroidal synthetic antiestrogen used to induce ovulation; increases the risk of multiple births.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

The most common cause of infertility in the U.S., characterized by hyperinsulinemia, elevated androgens, and failure to ovulate.

Erectile Dysfunction (ED) Medications

Oral smooth muscle relaxants such as Sildenafil, Vardenafil, and Tadalafil which are contraindicated in patients with heart disease.