Edward I
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78 Terms
In 1272, what problems did Edward I inherit from Henry III?
Weak royal authority, debt and tensions with nobles
How did Edward I's relationship with Henry III influence his reign?
He learned the importance of strong royal authority
What was Edward I's main aim as king?
To strengthen royal power and enforce law and order
In 1274-75, what were the Hundred Rolls?
Investigations into corruption and abuses of power
Why were the Hundred Rolls important?
They helped Edward increase royal control
Who was Robert Burnell?
Edward's Chancellor and chief adviser
Why was Robert Burnell important?
He helped create major legal and government reforms
What were the Statutes of Westminster?
Laws that improved government and justice
What was the purpose of the Statute of Mortmain (1279)?
To stop land passing permanently to the Church
Why did Edward introduce Quo Warranto inquiries?
To check nobles' rights and powers
What question did Quo Warranto inquiries ask?
"By what authority do you hold these rights?"
Why did Edward use Parliament?
To gain support and approve taxes
In 1295, what was the Model Parliament?
A Parliament including nobles, clergy, knights and burgesses
Why was the Model Parliament important?
It became the model for future Parliaments
Why was wool important in medieval England?
It was England's most valuable export
Why did Edward tax wool?
To raise money for wars and government
What was the wool tax?
A tax on exported wool
What was the Statute of Merchants (1285)?
A law helping merchants recover debts
Why did Edward use Italian bankers?
To borrow money for government and wars
What was the re-coinage of 1279?
The replacement of old coins with new ones
Why was re-coinage important?
It reduced fraud and improved trade
Why were Jews important to medieval England?
They lent money and provided credit
Why did Edward expel the Jews in 1290?
To gain support and cancel debts owed to them
What was one consequence of the expulsion of the Jews?
England lost an important source of loans
What role did the medieval Church play in education?
It controlled most learning and schools
What were universities?
Centres of higher education
Who was Roger Bacon?
A scholar who promoted observation and experimentation
Who was Duns Scotus?
An influential philosopher and theologian
How did Edward strengthen the legal system?
By expanding royal courts and laws
What was the Statute of Gloucester (1278)?
A law strengthening royal justice
What was the Statute of Winchester (1285)?
A law improving law enforcement
What was the hue and cry?
A system where communities chased criminals
What was medieval siege warfare?
Attacking castles using siege engines and blockades
Why were castles important in warfare?
They controlled land and defended territory
How were cavalry used in battle?
For fast and powerful attacks
How were infantry used in battle?
To hold ground and support attacks
What weapons were commonly used by medieval soldiers?
Swords, spears, bows and crossbows
Who was Llywelyn ap Gruffudd?
The Welsh prince who resisted Edward
What happened in Edward's Welsh War of 1277?
Llywelyn was forced to accept Edward's authority
What happened in the Welsh War of 1282-83?
Edward conquered Wales completely
Why was the conquest of Wales significant?
It brought Wales under English control
What was the Statute of Rhuddlan (1284)?
A law introducing English government to Wales
How did Edward control Wales after conquest?
Through castles, English law and officials
Why did Edward build castles in Wales?
To secure and control conquered territory
What was the Iron Ring?
A chain of castles built to control Wales
Why were Edward's Welsh campaigns expensive?
Castle building and warfare cost huge amounts of money
What was the Great Cause?
The dispute over the Scottish throne
Why was Edward involved in the Great Cause?
He was asked to choose Scotland's new king
Who was John Balliol?
The Scottish king chosen by Edward
Why did Edward fall out with John Balliol?
Balliol resisted Edward's control
What happened in 1296?
Edward invaded Scotland
Who was William Wallace?
A Scottish leader who rebelled against English rule
Why did William Wallace become popular in Scotland?
He resisted English control
What happened at the Battle of Stirling Bridge (1297)?
Wallace defeated an English army
Why was Stirling Bridge important?
It inspired Scottish resistance
What happened to William Wallace in 1305?
He was captured and executed
How did Edward treat William Wallace?
As a traitor and rebel
Who was Robert Bruce?
A Scottish noble who later became king
Why was Scotland difficult for Edward to control?
Strong resistance and repeated rebellions
Why was Edward called the Hammer of the Scots?
Because of his military campaigns against Scotland
Why is Caernarfon Castle important?
It symbolised and enforced English control of Wales
Why was Caernarfon Castle built after 1283?
To secure the conquest of Wales
Where is Caernarfon Castle located?
North-west Wales on the River Seiont
Why was the location of Caernarfon Castle important?
It could be supplied by sea and controlled the area
Who designed Caernarfon Castle?
Master James of St George
Who was Master James of St George?
Edward's chief castle architect
What was the military function of Caernarfon Castle?
To defend and control Wales
What was the symbolic function of Caernarfon Castle?
To display English power and authority
What features made Caernarfon Castle strong defensively?
Thick walls, towers and strong gates
What is the Eagle Tower?
The most famous tower symbolising royal authority
How did Caernarfon Castle reflect Edward's power?
Its huge size and design impressed and intimidated people
How did Caernarfon Castle support English settlement?
It protected English settlers and officials
How does Caernarfon Castle link to the Statute of Rhuddlan?
Both helped establish English rule in Wales
What happened during the Welsh rebellion of 1294?
Caernarfon was attacked and damaged
What does Caernarfon Castle reveal about medieval values?
The importance of power, defence and royal authority
What is one theme linking most of Edward's reign?
Strengthening royal authority
What is one theme linking Wales and Scotland?
Edward's attempts to expand English control
What is one theme linking Burnell, Parliament and the statutes?
Improving government and royal power