Bankside HAU OCR B

bankside flashcards for history around us

Prehistoric people were attracted to

fertile soil in the area, during hot summer months, as it was close to the river

Roman time period known as

Roman Bridgehead

Romans - arrival

AD 43

Romans leave

450AD

Why did the Romans come to bankside?

River proximity allowed easy transport, clean water

Where was most of the Roman site?

Most of the site was to the north of the river, with the only main part south of the river the “bridgehead“

What challenges would a historian face in trying to understand the original appearance of the site?

Silt has covered most of it

There has been 2000 years of change

There are not many picture or written sources of Roman London

What were major roads?

Watling street

Stane street

Why were they important?

They converged in an area close to modern bankside, around the area of borough high street, signifying a point of trade

What was found at the excavations at Southwark cathedral?

It was built on the site of a Roman villa

There were religious artefacts discovered there - Neptune’s statue

What was found on the corner of borough high street and london bridge road?

Remains of a Roman bath house

What is a bridgehead?

Bridgehead - A bridgehead is the strategically important area of ground around the end of a bridge which at time of conflict is sought to be defended.

What happened in 60 AD?

London was burnt down - had to rebuild

What happppened in 100 AD?

Population grew to over 60,000

What happened in 200AD?

Defensive walls were built around London and Southwark, for protection against sea invasions

What was the river used for?

Washing, drinking, waste disposal, transport, had shops, chapels and houses on the bridge

Borough Market - PF

Recognised and regulated by City of London in 1276

Why did the Romans leave Britain?

The Western Roman Empire was collapsing under constant barbarian invasions (Goths, Vandals) and internal strife, forcing them to recall troops to defend the empire's heartland in Europe

What was medieval Bankside known as?

The outlaw borough

What happened in 1066?

Norman conquest, brough peace and stability to bankside

What happened in 1209?

London Bridge was completed under King John, it was a stone bridge

Why did wealthy people choose to live here?

It was of close proximity to westminister, and less crowded

What major buildings were built?

St Mary’s Overie, Winchester palace

When was St Mary’s Overie built?

1106

When was Winchester palace built?

1150

Why were its fish pond significant?

There were 3 main fish ponds, the Bishop’s the King/Queen’s, and the great Pike Garden, where Pike was bred and farmed (poor vs rich)

Governance of Southwark

London was governed by MPs, Council, and a Mayor, whereas Bankside was run through the self-governing Manorial system

Why is the manorial system significant?

As it meant Southwark was an independant place, the same strict laws were not present there, freeing many craftsmen and traders from the taxes and regulations of the city’s guilds

The loose regulation allowed it to be a thriving area for prostitution, with many inns and stews

The Bishop of Winchester had significant power in this area, more so than the city officials

What were the 3 manors?

Guildable manor, the liberty of the clink, paris gardens

Guildable Manor

The smallest, with the least people

Owned by the crown and their officials

Consisted of the land immediately around the bridgehead

Paris Gardens

Church owned

Had lots of residential and commercial properties

Originally owned by Knights Templar (crusade knights)

Owned by Knights Hospitalles after 1324

Had lots of inns and later theatres

The Liberty of the Clink

Home of Bishop of Winchester - his palace was there

Had very important buildings, such as clink prison, the bishop’s palace

Popular with powerful people and clergy, as most of the land was church owned

This area was banksides best area for agriculture, and many crops were grown in the palace, this kept the palace self sufficient for a while

When was Priory of St Mary’s Overie reconstructed?

1212

Why is it called that?

Established by Mary, daughter of ferryman John Over, used profits from inherited boat to start a chapel

What architecture is the church comprised of?

Norman (arch inside), Gothic (reconstruction after fire),

What was founded as part of the priory?

St Thomas’ Hospital

Who closed it down?

Henry the VIII, closed it down and took all wealth for political gain

What was it then renamed as?

It was then renamed as St Saviours’s church, after being purchased by the townspeople

In 1905, it was renamed to Southwark Cathedral, and is the only surviving medieval building in Southwark

Who was Cardinal Wolsey?

A powerful man who was Henry VIII’s chief advisor, and lord chancellor, he was also Bishop of Winchester

Bishop William of Wykeham

under who the rose window was built, a piece of gothic architecture, and the only standing part of Bankside left

Who was buried at this Church?

Edmund Shakespeare (there is also a Shakespeare memorial,) and Lancelot Andrews

Where was the clink prison?

The clink prison was part of the Bishop of Winchester’s palace, most notorious prison in London

Who were the main prisoners in the prison?

Religious dissenters and prostitiutes (Winchester geese)

John Rogers

John Rogers was sentenced as he published the bible in english, which was considered heretical under catholic queen (“Bloody Mary”)

Who was John Hooper?

Bishop of Gloucester, Protestant reformer

Why was the clink prison so notorious for its conditions?

It was constantly damp, overcrowded, there was no sanitation, and it was full of disease and rats

What physical features remain of the clink?

There is a blue plaque, a street called clink street, and also a museum that attempts to replicate the conditions of the prison

What physical features remain of Winchester Palace?

the Rose window, and a wall

Why was prostitution popular?

There were not many strict regulation due to the manorial system, and prostitution wasn’t allowed by the strict laws of the city.

Therefore, it was well-financed by the rich who came over to take advantage of this.

What physical features remain of prostitution in Bankside?

Crossbones graveyard, where they were buried

Streets such as Love Lane, Maiden Lane, the other one Lane

Cardinal Cap Alley

Where were the main inns and stews?

Around 12 major inns in Borough High Street by 1381

Who mentions an inn in their writing?

Geoffrey Chaucer (Flemish wife) mention the Tabbard Inn in his writing, where the travellers start their journey

How many stews were there in 1381?

7

How many were there by 1506?

18

Other physical features?

The ferryman’s seat, the river (?)

Ferryman’s seat significance

only one bridge, water-taxis in high demand,

What were frost fairs?

When the river froze over, fairs were held on it, and beer was drunk, and was a time of merriment

Once there was even a printing press on the river!

When did the Thames freeze?

1309

What diversity did they have?

Frost fairs promoted community cohesion, all classes had fun together

What changed between the medieval and early modern period?

Renaissance and the printing press, being shakespeare’s plays inspiration and contributing towards the spread of knowledge

Exploration, leading to trade development

Rise in protestantism, following the reformation

What was bankside known as in the early modern period?

Early Modern Playground

Who lived in Bankside during this time?

Huguenots - Aristocratic French protestants who had settled in Spitalfields

Hansa Merchants - The steelyard was just north of the river, underneath today’s Cannon street railway station

Peasants as well as the rich - The tickets at the Globe theatre were 1p for groundlings, while the rich sat in the galleries, with more expensive seats

Actors - lived in the surrounding parish around the Globe theatre, parish of St Saviour’s

Glass blowers (John Bowles), Tanners

Jewish people, after Cromwell invited them back in 1656, and this created work

What industries were key in bankside at this time?

Glass-blowing

Leather + Tanning

Ship-building for exploration and trade, Golden Hinde stands today

Entertainment

What did the puritans do during this time period?

They banned theatres in 1642, encouraging productivity and shifting workers’ minds away from leisure activities

The Civil War also destroyed the Clink Prison

What happened to winchester palace

Last Bishop of Winchester, Lancelot Andrews, died, leading to a breakup of the palace.

Joseph Zin Zan converted part of it into a riding school, the rest into tenement dwellings.

This also led to the decline of the manorial system

Globe Theatre - PF

The Globe theatre was reconstructed after a fire, but demolished in 1644, following the closure of theatres for tenemnet dwellings.

Today there is a replica that stands roughly 30 yards from the original site, and there is also a drawing of the swan theatre by Johann de Witt, which may be similar.

Important changes between Early Modern and Industrial Period

• Banning of theatres by Puritans

• English Civil War

• Great Fire of London - shift in power centre

• Great fire of Southwark - 500 homes destroyed, opportunity to rebuild

• Death of Lancelot Andrews

• Empire

What was Bankside known as in the Industrial Period?

A hive of industrial activity

Clink Prison destroyed in

1780 - after ruin

Waterloo station - constructed in

1848 - called waterloo bridge station

significance of waterloo station

connected port cities, eg. southampton, to london

St. Saviour’s church renamed

Southwark cathedral in 1897

Hay’s wharf nickname

Larder of London

Why was it called the Larder of london?

It held 80 percent of the cities dry imports

When was Hay’s Wharf rebuilt?

It was rebilt fireproof, after a fire, in 1861, with iron frames

Bankside power station was built in

1891

Why was Bankside power station built?

To provide electricity to London’s south and west

Why was bankside power station built there?

The direct Thames access aided fuel delivery and cooling

Winchester Palace usage in the industrial period

primarily a mustard factory, until fire in 1814

Anchor brewery in the industrial period

was one of the largest in the world by the mid 19th century

Gabriel’s Wharf - origins

Christopher Gabriel’s sons had a timber business, and secured a long lease on the site - 1815

what were ancilliary industries in southwark

helper industries to aid shipbuilding, as Rotherhithe nearby was a ship building centre

included sail-making and rope manufacturing

Hop exchange building - what was it?

A place where hops were exchanged, having been transported from as far as Kent

Glass roof allowed business to be conducted under natural light

solidified bankside as a centre of the brewing industry

Other popular industries in Bankside

Hat-making, glass-making, leather-working, soap manufactury

Why was glass-making popular in Southwark?

Coal fired furnaces were banned in the City in 1307 under King Edward due to pollution

What did John Bowles make?

Glass for windowpanes

Popular glass works

Hopton Street - Falcon glass works

What was the Pellat MP famous for?

He was an expert in all glass matters, owning Pellat and Green

What pottery did a company near St Saviour’s church produce?

Delft and Ming imitation pottery in blue and white - shows colonial influence and diversity

“Noxious factories“ were

Sarson’s vinegar, pickle factor, cocoa mills, shoe polish manufacturing

Who provided hydraulics for trafalgar square fountains?

Easton and Amos at Ewer street

Specialisation

Many industries in Southwark were highly specialised, probably contributing towards increased efficiency

Name for Modern Bankside

Hub of tourism

Reasons for change from Industrial to modern Bankside

WWI - many people enlisted from Bankside

Women performed more manual labour jobs

Lots of memorials, plaques eg. Victory Arch at Waterloo station

Globe theatre - modern

Replica constructed in 1997

Waterloo Station - modern (V_ A_, 1951, 1994)

1922 - Victory arch constructed

WWII - Heavily bombed

1951 - Used to get to the festival of Britain, millions of passengers pass through

1994 - Eurostar opens, connecting Bankside to mainland Europe, key access point

Southwark Cathedral - Modern

1941 - Damaged and restored

Hay’s Wharf - modern

1940 - Danaged due to bombing

1970s - declined in use

1987 - redeveloped as Hay’s Galleria

Clink - modern

1980s - museum

London Bridge

1967 - Original London Bridge sold to Arizona

1973 - Current London Bridge opens