MCAT Behavioral Sciences Chapter 5

Whole chapter is high yield

Extrinsic motivation

Reward or punishment, competition

Intrinsic motivation

Interest in a task, enjoyment

Goal of motivation

To satisfy needs, mantain arousal, and reduce uncomfortability

Motivation influences

Instincts, arousal, needs, drives

Instinct theory

Innate, fixed behavior drives motivation`

Arousal theory

Motivation is drive to mantain arousal, follows Yerkes-Dodson’s law that performance peaks at intermediate arousal

Drive reduction theory

Reducing uncomfortable state, primary drives for homestasis, secondary for learning

Primary needs

Physiological, food, water, shelter, sleep

Secondary needs

Mental states, power, acheivement, social belonging

Maslow definition of needs

Relief or satisfactions, influence actions

Maslows hierarchy of needs

Physiological needs, safety, beonging, esteem, then self actualization can be satisfied

Self determination theory

Autonomy, competence, and accepted in relationships must be met for healthy relationships

Incentive theory

Behavior is driven by reward and avoiding punishment

Expectancy-value thory

Motivation depends on expectation of meeting goal and value of goal

Opponent-process theory

Bodies physiologically counteract effects from drugs after repeated use, causes withdrawal

Sexual motivation

From cultural norms, pleasure, smell, secretion of estrogen, progesterone, androgens

Elements of emotion

Cognitive, physiologic in ANS, behavioral facial expressions and body language

Universal emotions

Happiness, fear, saness, anger, contempt, disgust, suprise

Facial feedback effect

Darwin, facial expressions influence emotions

James-Lange theory

Stimulus first physically arouses, which is labeled with an emotion

Cannon-Bard theory

Emotion and physiologic response happen at the same time, then action

Schachter-Singer theory

Two factor, stimulus and arousal must be known to then feel the emotion

Limbic system

Below cerebrum, amygdala, thalmus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, fornix, septal nuclei

Amygdala

Makes emotion signals from environment, facial expressions, involved in fear and attention, controls implicit memory storage

Hippocampus

Stores and retrieves emotional or implicit memories, gives context to make an emotion

Thalamus

Sensory processing station, routes info

Hypothalamus

Dictates emotional states via neurotransmitters, modulates homeostasis and emotion

Facial expressions are interpreted by

Right temporal lobe

Prefrontalcortex

Planning, personality, making decisions, coordinates arousal and cognition

Pre frontal cortex breakdown by area

Right is negative emotions, left is positive, dorsal is attention, ventral is emotion, ventromedial controls emotions from amygdala

Cognitive appraisal

Evaluation of a stress-inducing situation, 2 stages, can reocurr in reappraisal

Primary appraisal

Environment and threat assessment to identify stressor

Secondary appraisal

If individual can cope with the stress based on harm, threat, and potential to overcome

Stressor types

Distressor is unpleasant, eustressor is pleasent

Social readjustment rating scale

How stress levels are measured

General adaption syndrome

After SNS activation to stressor, alarm with cortisol epi norepi, resistance that continues hormones, then exhaustion that ends with panic zone then burnout

Conflicts

Approach-approach with two good options, avoidance-avoidance with two bad ones, approach-avoidance with one goal but outcome could be good and bad

Diathesis-stress model

Predisposition to genetic traits and exposure to stressors can trigger MDD, schizophrenia

Stress management

Overcome stressor and getting support or confronting issue head on by solving it