DNA Structure, Mutations, and Scientific Analysis Flashcards

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers the fundamental concepts of DNA structure, the mechanisms of genetic inheritance and mutation, biotechnological applications, and basic scientific data analysis.

DNA

The twisted double helix molecule that carries genetic instructions in all living organisms and acts as the instruction manual.

Phosphate

The component that forms the outer walls of the DNA double helix.

Nitrogenous bases

Components that form with their complementary base to create a ladder shape, which then twists into a double helix.

Gene

A specific segment of DNA that contains instructions to make a protein, affecting traits such as height and eye colour.

Chromosomes

A large structure made of DNA located in the nucleus that contains many genes.

DNA replication

The process where the DNA strand unzips, creates a complementary strand for each half-strand, and links the new nucleotides to the previous sugar-phosphate backbone.

Mutations

Changes that alter the order of the nucleotide bases ($A, C, T, G$) in DNA through substitution, insertions, or deletions.

Mutagen

An agent that causes changes in DNA, such as UV radiation, certain chemicals, or radiation.

Allele

A new, different type of a gene created by changes in the DNA sequence of a gene.

Artificial selection

A slow process with a long history of success that improves agricultural productivity and provides predictable traits, but limits existing variation and reduces genetic diversity.

Transgenic species

Species created through a fast and precise process to gain new traits not possible through breeding, associated with medical breakthroughs but also ethical concerns and environmental risks.

Independent variable

The variable identified on the x-axis when analysing graphs.