psych exam 3

Emerging Adulthood

ages 18–25 marked by identity exploration

Post-formal Thought

beyond Piaget’s formal operations; characterized by pragmatism, logic, and emotion integration.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

early adulthood stage balancing the need for deep connections against the fear of losing oneself.

Sarcopenia

Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Autoimmune disorder causing joint inflammation and potential bone erosion.

Osteoporosis

Condition where bones become brittle and fragile due to loss of density.

Chronic Inflammation

Persistent immune response linked to age-related diseases like heart disease and cancer.

Presbyopia

Age-related loss of the eye's ability to focus on nearby objects.

Presbycusis

Age-related gradual hearing loss, usually affecting high-frequency sounds first.

Otosclerosis

Hearing loss caused by abnormal bone growth in the middle ear.

Climacteric

The midlife transition where fertility declines (menopause in women, andropause in men).

Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence

Fluid is raw processing speed and problem-solving; Crystallized is accumulated knowledge and experience.

Tacit Knowledge

practical gained through experience rather than formal instruction.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

middle adulthood stage contributing vs. feeling unproductive.

Mortality Salience

The awareness that death is inevitable, which influences behavior and values.

SOC Model

Selection, Optimization, and Compensation; a strategy for successful aging by adapting to limitations.

Senescence

The biological process of aging and gradual deterioration of body systems.

Young-old, Old-old, Oldest-old

65–74 , 75–84 , 85+

Primary vs. Secondary Aging

biological aging; aging caused by disease or lifestyle factors.

Glaucoma

Vision loss caused by increased pressure in the eye damaging the optic nerve.

Cataracts

Clouding of the eye’s natural lens, causing blurred vision.

Macular Degeneration

Loss of central vision due to damage to the retina.

Diabetic Retinopathy

Damage to blood vessels in the retina caused by complications of diabetes.

Conductive vs. Sensorineural Hearing Loss

physical sound blocks; damage to the inner ear/nerve.

Meniere's Disease

Inner ear disorder causing vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss.

Episodic Memory

declines more with age than semantic memory

Dementia vs. Delirium

chronic, progressive decline; acute, temporary state of confusion.

Alzheimer’s Disease

dementia marked by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.

Integrity vs. Despair

final stage; satisfaction vs. regret.

Grief vs. Mourning vs. Bereavement

internal feeling, external expression/ritual, the state of loss

Kubler-Ross Stages

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance.

Complicated vs. Disenfranchised Grief

prolonged/intense; not socially recognized

Euthanasia vs. Physician-Assisted Death

direct action by a doctor to end life; providing the means for the patient to do it.

Hospice vs. Palliative Care

terminal patients (end of life); comfort care at any stage of illness.

Jeffrey Arnett

Psychologist who pioneered the theory of Emerging Adulthood (ages 18–29).

Erik and Joan Erikson

Developed the 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development; Joan later added a 9th stage for very old age.

Julian Rotter

Social learning theorist who developed the concept of Locus of Control (internal vs. external).

Daniel and Judy Levinson

Proposed the Seasons of Life theory and the concept of the Midlife Crisis (Stage-Crisis View).

Paul and Margret Baltes

Life-span developmentalists who created the SOC Model (Selection, Optimization, Compensation).

Elizabeth Kübler-Ross

Psychiatrist who identified the 5 Stages of Grief (Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance).