DNA Structure and Function

Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts about DNA structure and function for exam preparation.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic information.

Nucleotide

The building block of DNA, consisting of a phosphate group, a sugar molecule, and a nitrogenous base.

Phosphodiester bond

The linkage between sugar and phosphate groups in the backbone of DNA.

Hydrogen bond

A weak bond that forms between the bases of DNA, holding the two strands together.

Pyrimidines

Nitrogenous bases that have a single-ring structure; in DNA, cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines.

Double helix

The three-dimensional shape of DNA, consisting of two strands wound around each other.

Chromosome

A structure made of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information.

Eukaryotic DNA

DNA that is contained within a nucleus and typically organized into multiple chromosomes.

Nucleosome

The basic unit of eukaryotic chromosome structure, consisting of DNA wound around histone proteins.

Chromatin

The material that makes up chromosomes, consisting of DNA and proteins, and exists in varying degrees of condensation.

Enzyme

A protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up biochemical reactions, including those involved in DNA replication.

Replicated chromosome

A chromosome that has been copied and consists of two sister chromatids connected at a centromere.

Centromere

The region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined.