Anatomy Exam 2, Muscles pt 2

What are the 4 types of fascicle organization?

Parallel, Convergent, Pennate, Circular

How are parallel muscles organized?

fibers parallel to the long axis of muscle, same direction as the tendon

Where are parallel muscles found?

biceps or six pack

How are convergent muscles organized?

Broad area converges onto an attachment site (tendon)

Where are convergent muscles found?

Pectoral, chest

How are pennate muscles organized?

Form an angle with the tendon

What are unipennate muscles?

Fibers on one side of tendon

Where are unipennate muscles found?

Extensor digitorum, forearm

How are bipennate muscles organized?

fibers on both sides of tendon

Where are bipennate muscles found?

Rectus femoris, femur

How are multipennate muscles organized?

Tendons branch within the muscle

Where are multipennate muscles located?

deltoid

How are circular muscles arranged?

No tendons, open and close to guard entrances of body

Where are circular muscles located?

orbicularis oris, mouth

What is an articulation / joint?

where bone meets another bone

What is fibrous joints?

connected through dense regular connective tissue

What is cartilaginous joints?

connected through cartilage

What is synchondrosis?

connected through hyaline cartilage

What is symphysis?

connected through fibrocartilage

What does diarthrosis mean?

Highly movable

What are synovial joints?

Movable joints, at the end of long bones

What does synovial fluid do?

Lubricates for movement, shock absorption

What are articular cartilages?

pads articulating surfaces, cushion the joint

What are fat pads?

Superficial to the joint capsule, protect articular cartilages

What are ligaments?

bone to bone connection, support joints

What are tendons?

muscle attachment to bone around joint

What are bursa?

pocket of synovial fluid, cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub

What are levers?

create the movement, change direction, distance, speed, or strength of a force

What is a First-Class Lever?

fulcrum in the middle, force and load balanced

What is a Second-Class Lever?

load in the middle, small force moves large weight

What is a Third-Class Lever?

applied force in the middle, large force moves small weight, allows for quick and long distance

what is an origin?

A fixed point of attachment

What is an insertion?

a moving point of attachment

What is a flexion?

Reduces angle between elements along the anterior/posterior plane

What is an extension?

increases angle between elements along the anterior/posterior plane

What is an abduction?

Moves away from the body along the frontal plane

What is an adduction?

Moves towards the body along the frontal plane

What is a circumduction?

a circular movement

What is a medial rotation?

moves towards the midline

What is a lateral rotation?

Moves away from the midline

What is pronation?

Rotates forearm, radius over ulna, facing down

What is supination?

Forearm in anatomical position, facing up

What is inversion?

Twists sole of foot medially

What is eversion?

twists sole of foot laterally

What is dorsiflexion

Flexion at ankle, lifting toes

What is plantar flexion?

Extension at ankle, pointing toes down

What is opposition

thumb movement towards fingers or palm

What is reposition?

Thumb at resting position

What is protraction?

Moving anteriorly

What is retraction

Moving posteriorly

What is elevation?

Moving in superior direction (up)

What is depression?

Moving in inferior direction (down)

What is lateral flexion

Bends vertebral column side to side

What kind of joints does Temporomandibular joint have?

hinge, gliding

What type of articulations does intervertebrae have?

amphiarthorsis, diarthrosis

How many articulations does knee joint have?

3 articulations of hinge joint

What kind of movement can Knee Joint do?

Flexion and extension

What kind of movement can hip joint do?

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

What is an agonist?

The muscle that is contracting and producing movement

What is an antagonist?

The muscle that stretches in response to contraction

What is synergist?

Muscle that assists with larger agonist

What is oris?

Mouth

What is cervicis?

Neck

What is pollicis?

thumb

What is gluteal?

buttocks

What is femoris?

thigh, femur

What is hallucis?

great toe

What is superficialis?

Superficial

What is profundus?

deep

What is rectus?

Straight

What is oblique?

Angled

What is orbicularis?

circular

What is deltoid?

triangular

What is quadratus?

rectangular

What is trapezius?

trapezoidal

what is longus?

long

What is brevis?

short

What happens to muscles when you get older?

Smaller fibers, less elastic, decreased recovery

What is diarthrosis?

Highly movable

What is amphiarthrosis?

Slightly movable

What is synarthrosis?

Immovable

What is the relationship between joint strength and mobility?

If one increases, the other decreases

What is an example of synchondrosis?

costal cartilage, epiphyseal plate

What is an example of symphysis?

the vertebrae

What is gomphosis?

Periodontal membranes hold tooth to bony jaw

What is suture?

Dense regular connective tissue that connects skull bones

What is syndesmosis?

Dense regular connective tissue fibers between bones

What is the meniscus?

fibrocartilage pad

What structure is this?

bursa

What structure is this?

Meniscus

What structure is this?

Articular cartilage

What structure is this?

Synovial membrane

What is inside this structure?

Joint cavity with synovial fluid

What structure is this?

Fat pad

What is an example of a first class lever?

nodding your head yes

What is an example of a second-class lever?

going on your tippy toes / plantar flexion

Where are the articulations located in the knee joint?

2 between tibia and femur, 1 between patella and femur