Chapter 9: Human Development - PSYCH Study Help

Accommodation happens when you __________ your ideas (or scheme) to include new information that doesn’t fit with what you already know.

change

________ is when you fit new information into what you already know.

assimilation

What would you call a strong and lasting emotional connection between people?

attachment

What is the first stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

sensorimotor stage

What does the sensorimotor stage consist of?

learning through sensory & motor skills; babies responses change from automatic to more controlled

What is the second stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

preoperational stage

What does the preoperational stage consist of?

symbolic thinking; children use appearance & guess-based reasoning, not logic

What is the third stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

concrete operational stage

What does the concrete operational stage consist of?

logical thinking, children are not fooled by appearances

What is the final stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

formal operational stage

What does the formal operational stage consist of?

abstract thinking, the formation & testing of ideas with deductive

What is the earliest stage of moral development?

the preconventional level

At the preconventional level…

people decide what is right based on what helps themselves or what happens next

What is the middle stage of moral development?

the conventional level

At the conventional level…

people follow rules & care about what others think to decide what is right or wrong

What is the highest stage of moral development?

the postconventional level

At the postconventional level…

people make choices based on big ideas & care for all life

The study of how people change in their body, mind, feelings, and social life as they grow is called…

developmental psychology

_________ says that development happens naturally as a person interacts regularly with their culture and environment.

dynamic systems theory

_______ is a person’s feeling about being male, female, or nonbinary.

gender identity

What are gender roles?

behaviors that people usually connect with being male or female

The habituation technique revolves around how babies look longer at something ___ after seeing many similar objects.

different

When someone wants to avoid unfairness when sharing things that’s called…

inequity aversion

Infantile amnesia is when…

your unable to remember events from early childhood

What is object permanence?

understanding that something is still there even when it’s not visible

_____ is the start of adolescence when the body becomes sexually mature and able to reproduce.

puberty

According to _________, older people focus more on meaningful  events & goals because they see their time as limited.

socioemotional selectivity theory

_________ helps the brain by preserving connections that are used and removing those that are not used.

synaptic pruning

Substances or agents that can harm the baby before birth are called…

teratogens

What is theory of mind?

knowing that other people have thoughts & feelings that affect their actions

One-week-old infants can usually do everything below EXCEPT:

display social smiles, roll over unassisted, recognize their names, see a caregiver across the room

Which statement does NOT describe a recent finding that challenges Piaget's theories?

people exclusively use formal operations after adolescence to solve problems

How do the preferential looking technique and habituation technique give insights into the minds of infants?

infants will look longer at objects that they perceive to be unfamiliar

A child watches a conflict between classmates: Aahil calls Emma a mean name and Emma retaliates by biting Aahil. Label each of the child's potential reactions to the situation according to Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning: preconventional, conventional, postconventional.

1. "Emma should not bite because Aahil might bite her back."

2. "Even though Aahil called her a name, Emma should do the right thing and ignore him."

3. "Emma shouldn't bite because she will get a time-out from the teacher."

1: preconventional, 2: postconventional, 3: conventional

Which of the following conclusions about the relationship between screen time and child well-being is supported by empirical research? A large amount of screen time…

is correlated with reduced well-being

When participating in the strange-situation study, a child is not distressed when the caregiver leaves and ignores the caregiver when they return. Which attachment style is exhibited?

insecure/avoidant

Which statement most accurately describes the relationship between a person's sex and their gender identity?

sex & gender identity are not always congruent —> people can be transgender

Igor is celebrating his 75th birthday. As he ages into older adulthood, how are his thoughts and behaviors likely to change, according to socioemotional selectivity theory?

he will want to spend more time with his best friends & family

Which of the following statements are true regarding the correlations among marriage, children, and well-being? Choose all that apply.

1. Married people report being happier and healthier than single people.

2. Having children increases marital satisfaction, especially when children are young and in adolescence.

3. Marriage is associated with reduced immune functioning and worse physical well-being in men.

4. Well-being increases in mothers who bear more responsibilities in childcare and housework.

5. Parents from poorer nations show more benefit from having children than parents from wealthier nations.

1, 5

Which statement most accurately describes the typical trend of wellbeing older adults?

older people tend to focus more on positive than negative aspects of their lives