Issue 4

What are the three different perspectives on what forms Canada’s identitty

1. Geography- the belief that Canada’s rugged geography is fundmental to the Canadian Spirit

2. Civic Nation- The belief that Canadains are commited to living together as one poltical unit (nation-state) regardless of ethnic, cultural, or regional differences

3. Diversity/Mosaic- The belief that Canada’s identity is defined by respecting, encouraging, and maintaining traditional cultures and languages

Responsible government

A governent that anwsers to the people rather than to British- appointed govenors

Who were the leaders of the Baldwin- Lafontaine Alliance, what regions did they represent, and what did they successfully achieve by 1848

The leaders included- Louis Hippolyte LaFontaine (Canada East) and Robert Baldwin (Canada West)

Achivements- succesfully established reponsible governent, restored French as an official langiage in government and legislature and created a model for an Anglophone- Francophone partnership

Who were the two main leaders who worked to achieve independence and preserve Canada

John A MacDonald and George Etienne Cartier

When was Canada created and what were the four original provinces involved in Confederatation

1867, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick

What act officially created Canada and how did it divide government responsibilities

The British North America Act

1. Federal Government- looks after national affaris

2. Provincial governments- manage their own regional affairs

Why did Prime Minister Wilfred Laurier decide to aggressively attract settlers to the west after 1896

He believed that an unstelled west meant an undefended West. His Liberal Government wanted to secure the region by filling it with settlers

Who was Clifford Sifton and how did his immigration recruitment strategy change over time

He was Minister of the interior in Lauriers government and was responsible for attracting settlers

Strategy- At first, he only he only targted British and American immigrants when the population didnt grow fast enough, he expanded recruitment to non-English speaking European countries

As a result of expanded immigration policies, which specific European cultural community began appearing on the Canadian Praries

Poles, Germans, Ukrainains, Finns, and Norwegians

In the decades following confederation, why were many Quebecois suspicous of government polices that encouraged mass immigration

They feared most immigrants would integrate into Anglophone society, causing Francophones to be outnumbered and threatening their postion as equal partners in Confederation

What did Quebec MP Bourassa believe was essential for Francophones to continue supporting Confederation

Equality between Francophone and Anglophone culture was essential which meant Qubeciois required a high degree of control over their own affairs

Historically what did French- speaking people in Canada call themselves from the people of France

Canadien oe Canadien Francais. This shared identity developed from their experiences living in New France

When did the distinct identity of Quebecois emerge and what makes it unique

20th century and it serves as both a poltical and lingustic distinction from the Anglophone population in Canada as well as from Francophones living outside of Quebec

Prior to the late 20th century, which group largely controlled Quebecs economy and what were the consequences for Francophones

Control- the provinces English- speaking minority (Anglophones) and American bussiness owners

Consequnces- By the 1960s, studies showed that the average incomes for Francophones were lower than Anglophones and job opportunities or earnings were significantly better only if they could work in English

What is the core foundational desire behind Quebec nationalism

It is rooted in the desire of Francophone Quebecois to affirm and promote their unique idetity and French Heritage

What was the Quiet Revolution (beginning around 1959) and what sectors did Francophones want to modernize

A period of major social and poltical change where Quebecois sought to affirm their culture and modernize the province by improving social programs and the education system

To protect their language and culture during the Quiet Revolution, what key areas did many nationalists believe Quebec needed to control

1. Immigration

2. Social Programs

3. Industry and job creation

4. Language Laws

5. Aspects of foregin policy

Who co-founded the Parti Quebecois in 1968 and what was its primary poltical goal

Co-founded by Rene Levesque and its goal was to promote sovernity and independence for Quebec

What does FLQ stand for, what kind of group were they and what was their strategy to spark change

Front de Liberation du Quebec

A radical faction/group

They used protest and violence (kidnappings and muder) to try in force change

What action did the government of Canada take in October of 1970 in response to the FLQ crisis and why

The government invoked the War Measures Act and this gave the federal government extrtrodinary emergency powers to supress the FLQ and restore order

What was the War Measures Act and what powers did it give to the government

It was a federal statue passed during WWi that gave broad, sweeping powers to the Canadain Government to maintain security and order during times of war or insurrection

When was the only time the War Measures act was used during a domestic Crisis adn what specific event triggered it

In October and November 1970 in Quebec. It was triggered by the FLQ kidnapping/murder of Quebec Labour Minister Pierre Laporte

Why was invoking the War Measures Act in 197p considered potically controversial

It resulted in the suspension of civil liberties. Over 450 people were detained by authorities, and most were later released without ever having laid charges or heard

Why did Prime Minister Lester B Pearson set up the Royal Commisonor on Billingualism and Biculturalism in 1963

To find ways to respond to the growing separtist movement in Quebec during the Quiet Revolution

What was the major reccomendation of the Royal Commission on Billingualism and Bicultralism and what legistlation did it lead to

It recommendded that French and English be declared the official langugaes of Parliament of Canada, federal courts and the federal government. This led directly to the creation of the Official Languages Act

What was the Parti Quebecois proposed charter of values

A controversial proposal that attemped to ban religious symbols from the public service while making expections for symbols asscociated with elements of Quebecs heritage

What was the critrical message or immplication behind the examples used in th 2014 Charter of Values

Crtics argued that the implict message was that non-white non-Catholic others must assimilate into dominant Quebecois identity.

What is Quebec’s Bill 21 (passed in 2019)

A law passed by the coalition Avenir Quebec (CAQ) led by Francis Legault, that bans certain public-sector employees (teachers, police officers, lawyers) from wearing religious symbols while at work

What central tension does Bill 21 highlight regarding Canadain Identity and values

It highlights a conflict between collective identity/secularism versus individual rights and charter freedoms (freedom of religion and exprssion valued across Canada)

Does Bill 21 violate the Canadain Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Crtics argue it directly violates Section 2a (freedom of religion). However the Quebec government preemptively used the Non-withstanding clause (Section 33) of the charter to allow the law to operate despite the violations

Why were Chinese Immigrants initially welcomed to Canada in the late 19th century

They were needed as labours to help build the Canadain Pacfic Railway

How did the Canadain government financially restrict Chinese immigration after 1885

By introducing the Chinses Immigration across which imposed Head Tax that started at 50$ in 1885 and rose to 100 in 1900 and peaked to 500$ in 1904

What drastic measure did the Canadain government take regarding Chinese immigration in 1923

They passed a new law that effectively banned nearly all immigration from China

How did Chinese Immigrants respond to systemic discrimination and find mutual support in Canada

They settled together in urban neighborhoods known as Chinatowns and formed community alliances such as the Chinese Consoliated Benevolent Foundation in British Columbia

What originnaly attracted African American Immigrants to move to the Canadian day praries (present day Saskatchewan in 1905

An advertising campaign by Clifford Sifftion to settle the west alongside their desire to escape racism in the American South

What discriminatory action did Prime Minister Wilfred Laurier take in 1911 regarding Black Immigration

He signed an Order-in-council that banned Black Immigrants for one year, falesly claiming that the “Negro race” was unsuitable to the climate and requirements of Canada

Why was Wilfred Laurier’s 1911 ban on Black Immigration never officially enforced

Because the hostile, racist pushback from the government and some Canadain Citizens successfully discouraged African Americans from trying to immigrate to Western Canada altogether

Approximately how many Ukrainain immigrants came to the Canadain praries in search of a better life

200,000

What did Clifford Siffton believe about the Canadain immigrants arriving on the praries

He believed that they were hard working and farm savy making them exactly the kind of immigrants needed for the praries

Who opppsed the arrival of the Ukrainain immigrants and how did they express opposition

Many anglophones Canadains led by Conservative polticians some english language newspapers ridiculed the newcomers and called them names

What were the 80,000 immigrants classified as during WWI

Enemy Aliens

What major change happened to Canada’s immigration act in 1962

Changes to the act opened Canada’s doors to people from all over the world

What offiicial policy did the federal government adopt in 1971

Multiculturalism within a billingual framework

What do many immigrants and Canadains still believe

They continue to believe that their needs are not met

Who led the Metis Independent provisional government when they took arms in 1869 and 1870

Louis Riel

How did Prime Minister Macdonald respond to the Metis resistance and what major piece of legislation was passed

He responded by pushing the Manitoba Act through parliament

What did the Manitoba Act achieve

1. Created the province of Manitoba

2. Reconizged French and English languages as equal

3. Upheld Aboringinal rights

4. Provided 566,500 hectares of land specfically for the Metis

How does the Constitution recongize the Metis people today

As an Aboriginal people with common history and traditional lands and culture, emerging as a nation that desires self-determination

Why is the Metis land base scattered compared to First Nations

The Metis were never forced onto reserves

In what year did Paraliament pass the Indian Act and what power did it give the federal government

1876, it gave the government of Canada control over every aspect of the lives of First Nations people

Under the original Indian Act, how could a first nations person become a full citizen

Gave up their treaty rights

What group did first nations people unite under in the 1970s to push back against the government, and what was its purpose

The National Indian Brotherhood (the forerunner of the Assembly of First Nations). They united to persuade the Prime Minister and Minister of Indian Affairs Jean Chretien

For many years schools taught that Canada was created by which two founding nations

The French and British

What group is added when people use the term three founding nations

Aboringinal people

What are two main arguments against the concept of three founding nations

1. Aboringinal peoples were not a uniform nation and did not participate in founding the nation-state the same way the French and English did

2. The concept excludes the contributions of immigants from countries that were neither French nor British

What does the Monarchist League celebrate as a part of Canada’s national identity

It celebrates Canada’s British Connection and the countrys links to the British crown

What role do cultural institutions like the National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa play in National identity

They display Canadain art that serves as a source of strong national symbols

In Canada, which level of government holds the responsibility for education

Provincial responsibility

When was the dominance insitute founded, and how does it educate people about Canadain history

1997, it uses televison, news, electronic media, and school programs to educate people on how history shapes national identity

What is Quebec’s provinicial motto, and what concept does it acknowledge

I remember, it acknowledges that remembering the past is an important part of a nation’s identity

What alarming historical literacy statistics did the Dominion Institutes website note

1. Only one third of the eligible first-time voters cast ballots in the 2006 federal election

2. Two-thirds of Canadains have never heard of Vimy Ridge

3. 44% of Canadains believe D-Day marks the bombing of Pearl Harbor

What is the Council of Canadians and what was its core mission as well as when they were founded

Founded in 1985, it is Canada’s largest citizen organization. It aimed to protect Canadain Independence by promoting polices on key social and economic issues

What four progressive policy areas are specifically highlighted as concerns for the Council of Canadians

1. Fair Trade

2. Clean Water

3. Energy Security

4. Public Health Care

What are examples of national and regional Aboriginal organizations that work across Canada

National- Assembly of First Nations, Metis National Council

Regional- Metis Nation of Alberta

What kind of work do Aboringial organizations do to protect their people and promote their culture

They initate campaigns to improve acess to clean drinking water or support traditional hunting rights, and promote Aboriginal perspectives during national debates

What did the Dominon Institute ask Ipsos Reid to do in 1997, and what were the results

conduct a mock citizenship exam for Canadains, 45% of respodents failed

When the mock citizenship survey was repeated 10 years later how did native-born Canadains compare to immigrants

The failure rate for Canadains rose to 60% while immigrants 70% of the time passed the test

In response to the high failure rates on the mock test, what did the Dominain insitute reccomend for high school students

Pass a national citizenship exam as a condition of graduation

According to the Broadcasting Act, what two key requirements are placed on the Canadain Broadcasting Cooperation

1. To be predominantly and distinclivly Canadain

2. To contribute to shared national consciousness and identity

How does CBC-Radio- Canada activley promore Canadain identity across the country

By broadcasting programs that all Canadians can listen to, see and share

What is Katimavik, when has it operated and what does its name mean

It is a federal program to educate Canadain youth through community involvement. It operated between 1977-1986 and again since 1994. Its name is an Inuktitut word meaning “meeting place.”

What age group does Katimavi serve, and what do particpants gain from the program

It serves 17-21 year olds. They get to travel, volunteer, develop job skills, live in groups, and build ties with their peers and country

What did Katimaviks 2006 cost benifit study discover about its financial impact

It found that every dollar the government spent on the program generated 2.20 in participating communities

Track the History of the RCMP’s name and foundational years from 1873 to 1920

1873- Founded as the Northwest Mounted Police

1904- Renamed the Royal Northwest Mounted Police

1920- Finally named the Royal Canadain Mounted Police

Why was the national police force orginally established and what levels of policing does it provide today

Established to achieve the goals of peace, order and good government. Today it provides national, federal, provincial and municipal policing

Why does the federal government fund public Canada Day celebrations

To promote Canadain Identity and unity

What organization helps communities coordinate Canada Day and what change has occured since 1985

the government run national commitee helps organize and pay for celebrations. Since 1985, every province and territory has had a local commitee that uses federal grants to coordinate the events

What themes did country musician Stomping Tom Connors sing about to express his disinctly Canadain Identity

He sang about Hockey, football, soilders, snowmobiles, Sasquatches, and Bud the PEI spud

How did jazz pianist Oscar Peterson and writer Roch Carrier contribute to Canadian Culture

Oscar- recongized in the 1960s for bringing a uniquley Canadain note in jazz piano

Roch Carrier- a novelist, playwright, and children’s author who famous story The Hockey Sweater is quoted on the back of Canada’s five dollar bill.

What was the artistic goal of the Group of Seven and Emily Carr in the 1920s

They set out to explore and paint the Canadain landscape in a unique way moving away from traditional European styles to relect their true feelings about their country

How did author Pierre Berton impact the understanding of Canadain history

He wrote 50 books for adults and 22 for children heavily examining the myths and relaties of Canada’s history and identity

What is a civic nation and what country in frequently cited as a key example

A society where diverse people agree to live together based on specifc shared values, beliefs, and rules (such as a constitution) Canada is also often cited as an example

What is the “rally-around the flag effect

A sociological term describing how external forces (like war) can temporarily inspire citizens to feel a sharp increase in partriotism, devotin and national unity

Why does Canadain national unity sometimes feel fragile internally

Because distinct nations within the Canadain confederation as well as specific groups seeking to assert their nationhood, constantly exert preassure to promote their own local loyalties and identities

What suprising statistic did a 2006 poll by Western Standard and COMPAS reveal about Alberta

It found that nearly one third (33%) of Alberta respondents supported the idea that Canada’s Western provinces should explore forming their own country.

What is supranationalism

An approach that involves groups of nations agreeing to abide by the descions of an international organization made up of appointed officials or representatives

Ultranationalism

An extreme version of nationalism where people move from deeply loving their nation to activlely becoming hostile towards other nations

Internationalism

The belief that nations should cooperate with one another to promote the common good, peace, and security rather than foucusing purely on self intrest

What is globalism

The perspective that the entire world should be viewed as a single, interconnected community where economic, enviornmental and social issues are shared globally rather than confined within national borders

What is the fundemental purpose of the European Union

It is a supranational organization created to integrate European nations economically and poltically, allowing for a free market, shared laws and open borders among its member states

What is the core mandate of the United Nations

To maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, and promote social progress, better living standards, and human rights globally.

What is the role of the World Trade Organization

An intenational body that regulates and promotes global trade by negotiating trade agreements and resolving disputes between member countries to ensure commerce flows smoothly

What are Non-Governmental Organizations and what is their role on the international stage

Non-profit, citizen based groups that opeate independently of governments to address social, poltical, or environmental issues

What unique authority does the UN Security Council hold regarding international conflict

It is the only international body that can authorize miltary intervention or impose economic sanctions on countries to maintain global peace

What is the core philosophy of humanitarianism

The belief that human beings have moral duty to save lives, alleviate suffering, and maintain human dignity duirng crisiess regardless of national borders or poltical affiliations

Contrast Isolationism with interventism

Isolationism- a policy of avoiding intrenational alliacnes, conflicts, or economic commitments to focus entirely on domestic issues

Interventionism- a policy where a state activly manipulates or inserts itself into the poltical/economic affairs of other nations to maintain stability or project power

What is the difference betweeen bilaterlism and multilateralism

Bilaterialism- Poltical, economic, or cultural agreements conducted between two sovereign states

Multilateralism- an approach where three or more nations cooperate together to resolve a common issue or regulate global affairs

What is the main purpose of the Artic Council

To promote cooperation, coordination, and inteaction among the arctic states and indigenous communities on issues of sustainable development and envrionmental protection

Why has Canada’s sovernity over the Northwest Passage been challenged internationally

Melting polar ice has opened new shipping routes, leading other global powers (US and Russia) to claim the passsage should be treated as international waters rather than Canadain domestic territory.

What is the primary purpose of International law

To create a strcutrued framework or rules, treaties, and customs that govern how soverign states interact, ensuring global stability, trade, and human rights protection