Rocky Final Review

Integumentary, Urology, Occular Development, Endocrinology, Embryology

What is the primary site of action for ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitors?

Lung capillaries

Damage to which part of the pituitary gland can result in the symptoms of diabetes insipidus, such as polyuria and polydipsia?

Pars nervosa

In cases of hyperkalemia, which part of the adrenal gland increases secretion to correct the high potassium levels?

Zona glomerulosa

Hyperplasia of which testicular cells is the most likely cause of high estrogen levels in a male dog with an enlarged testicular mass?

Sertoli cells

Humans living in areas deficient in elemental iodine are most likely to develop which two symptoms?

Enlarged thyroid and decreased thyroxine

Which specific pituitary cells in the pars distalis stain positive with PAS (Periodic Acid-Schiff)?

Thyrotrophs

What is the chemical nature of the secretion produced by thyrotrophs?

Glycoproteins

Which pituitary cell type is incorrectly matched with the secretion 'Thyroxine'?,

Thyrotrophs (they secrete TSH)

An exogenous injection of dopamine-like substances is most likely to cause a decrease in the size or number of which pituitary cells?

Mammotrophs

A tumor of the corticotrophs is least likely to affect the secretion of which adrenal hormone?

Aldosterone

The adrenal medulla contains which type of autonomic neurons?

Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

What is the most likely secretion of the autonomic neurons found in the adrenal medulla?

Epinephrine

The secretion of which gland is most likely involved in maintaining a circadian rhythm in reproduction?

Pineal gland

Uveitis refers to the inflammation of which specific eye layer?

Choroid

Which clinical sign is least likely to be observed in a dog suffering from Horner's syndrome?

Mydriasis

A rupture of which eye layer is most likely to result in the prolapse of the iris?

Cornea

The optic nerve is formed by the axons originating from which layer of the retina?

Ganglion nuclear layer

Which specific muscles are involved in lens accommodation?

Ciliary muscles

The ciliary muscles are innervated by which part of the autonomic nervous system?

Parasympathetic

Merkel cells are innervated by sensory fibers originating from neurons in the _____.

Dorsal root ganglion

Cilia in which part of the respiratory system are characterized as being immotile?

Olfactory part of the nasal cavity

Which part of the nephron in the cortex has a brush border and typically contains isotonic urine in the lumen?

Proximal convoluted tubule

In which part of the male reproductive tract are sperm considered best suited for fertility?

Tail of the epididymis

An abnormal secretion of which hormone is likely responsible for an extended estrous cycle in a mare with an accessory corpus luteum?

Progesterone

An injection of prostaglandin F₂-alpha in a cycling cow is most likely to induce which effect?

Luteolysis (degeneration of luteal cells)

Which hormone injection is used to facilitate milk let-down in a lactating cow that fails to eject milk?

Oxytocin

Which histological feature is characteristic of the ileum but notably absent in the duodenum of a dog?

Peyer's patches

In a classical liver lobule, which zone is closest to the portal triad?

Zone 1

In an animal with anemia, which liver zone (closest to the central vein) is most likely to show signs of maximum degeneration?

Zone 4

The transfer of which hormone from a male fetus to a female twin is responsible for partial reproductive development in a free martin?

Testosterone

Gartner's duct is an embryological remnant of which structure?

Mesonephric duct

In which adult organ is Gartner's duct typically found?

Vagina

A vascular ring anomaly in a calf resulting in esophageal contraction is most likely caused by the right subclavian artery originating from the _____.

Arch of the aorta

The use of $5$-$\alpha$ reductase inhibitors in pregnant females is contraindicated because it can cause maldevelopment of the _____ in the fetus.

Penis

Which cardiac anomaly is notably absent from the four components of the Tetralogy of Fallot?

Left ventricular hypertrophy

The ductus arteriosus shunts blood between which two structures in fetal circulation?

Pulmonary trunk and aorta

Craniofacial anomalies combined with heart defects in a newborn pup often result from the failure of migration of _____ cells.

Neural crest

The formation of multiple cysts in a developing kidney most likely results from a lack of fusion between which two structures?

Distal tubule and collecting duct

Bilateral cryptorchidism in an animal primarily results in which clinical condition?

Sterility

Congenital hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex in an XX genotype animal leads to which pathological syndrome?

Female pseudohermaphrodite

Maldevelopment of which pharyngeal structure can lead to an abnormal formation of the external ear canal?

Pharyngeal groove 1

A facial cleft is most likely to result from the failure of fusion between the lateral nasal process and the _____

,Maxillary tuberosity

Via which blood vessel does a fetus receive oxygen and nutrient-rich blood from the placenta?

Umbilical veins

Development of the external genitalia in females is unique because it requires neither _____ nor _____.,

Estrogen

Testosterone

Primordial germ cells migrate to the testis from the _____ and differentiate into spermatogonia.

Yolk sac endoderm

The blood vascular system is derived exclusively from which embryonic tissue layer?

Splanchnic mesoderm

What is the most likely reason for the foramen ovale to close soon after birth?

Increased pressure in the left atrium

The condition of a newborn foal dribbling urine from the umbilicus is known as a(n) _____.

Urachal fistula

To be classified as a female pseudohermaphrodite, an animal born with genital organs of both sexes must possess which internal gonad?

Ovary

Neurological symptoms in a pup caused by a portal hepatic shunt are often due to the persistence of the _____.

Ductus venosus

What is the genetic composition and Sry gene status of a normal male?

XY, Sry gene positive

In a Free Martin animal, which hormone is responsible for the incomplete development of the female ducts?

MIH (Müllerian Inhibiting Hormone)

Special sensory information for taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is associated with the _____ pharyngeal arch.

Second (Facial nerve)

A unilateral upper cleft lip is most commonly caused by the incomplete fusion between the _____ nasal process and the maxillary tuberosity.

Medial

The ultimobranchial body gives rise to parafollicular cells, which are responsible for secreting _____.

Calcitonin

Identify the four main layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial.

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum"

Which layer of the epidermis is most likely to contain keratohyalin granules?

Stratum granulosum

Which layer of the epidermis consists of dead, keratinized cells?

Stratum corneum

In the colon, which specific tunica contains the intestinal glands?

Tunica mucosa

Identify the three components of a liver portal triad.

Hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct

In a vaginal smear from a dog, the presence of large numbers of neutrophils and non-keratinized epithelial cells indicates which stage?

Diestrus

The presence of large, superficial, fully keratinized (anuclear) epithelial cells in a vaginal smear is indicative of _____

Estrus

The inner surface of the cornea is lined by a layer of simple squamous epithelium called the _____.

Endothelium

Which clear, acellular layer of the cornea lies directly beneath the anterior epithelium?

Bowman's layer

The thickest layer of the cornea, composed of regularly arranged collagen fibers, is the _____.

Stroma

What is the name of the thick basement membrane located between the corneal stroma and the endothelium?

Descemet's membrane

The anterior portion of the pituitary gland, the adenohypophysis, develops from an upward invagination of the oral ectoderm called _____.

Rathke's pouch

The posterior portion of the pituitary gland, the neurohypophysis, develops from the _____ of the brain.

Infundibular process

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the regression of paramesonephric ducts in the developing male?

MIH (Müllerian Inhibiting Hormone)

In the absence of the SRY gene, the primitive gonad naturally differentiates into a(n) _____.

Ovary

The mesonephric duct in the male differentiates to form which two main structures?

Epididymis and ductus deferens

The paramesonephric duct in the female differentiates to form which three main structures?

Uterine tubes, uterus, and upper portion of the vagina

The embryonic vitelline arteries supply the _____.

Yolk sac

What adult structure is formed by the remnant of the fetal umbilical artery?

Lateral ligament of the bladder

Which embryonic vessel becomes the round ligament of the liver in the adult?

Umbilical vein