India 4
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48 Terms
What policy did the British East India Company use to divide Indians?
They used the “divide and rule” policy by increasing conflict between Hindus and Muslims.
What action increased tension between Hindu and Muslim soldiers in 1857?
British officers ordered Sepoy soldiers to use gun cartridges greased with pork and beef fat, which offended both religions.
What was the Sepoy Mutiny?
A revolt in 1857 where Indian soldiers (Sepoys) refused British orders and started a rebellion.
Where did the 1857 revolt begin?
It began in Meerut.
Why did soldiers turn to the Mughal emperor during the revolt?
They wanted a unifying leader and saw the emperor as a symbolic authority.
Who was the last Mughal emperor during the revolt?
Bahadur Shah II.
Why did the 1857 revolution fail?
It lacked organization and strong leadership, and the emperor was weak.
What happened to Bahadur Shah after the revolt?
He was removed from power and exiled by the British.
What major political change happened in 1858?
India was officially annexed to the British Crown.
What does “creative minority failed” mean in this context?
It means leadership was ineffective and unable to guide the revolution successfully.
What was the population balance in India under British rule?
A Hindu majority and a Muslim minority of over 100 million people.
How did Britain benefit economically from India?
Britain used India’s resources and wealth for its own economic gain.
How many Indian soldiers fought for Britain in World War I?
1,338,620 soldiers.
How did Indian troop contributions compare to other British colonies?
India sent more soldiers than Canada, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand combined.
How much financial support did India give Britain in WWI?
About $500 million in funds and $1,250 million in products.
What role did education play under British rule?
Education was in English and introduced Western culture to Indians.
How did the Indian National Movement affect culture?
It promoted modern Indian identity, but also strengthened Hindu cultural dominance.
What was a major cultural consequence of British rule?
The division between Hindu and Muslim communities increased.
Who was Rabindranath Tagore?
A famous Indian poet and writer from Bengal.
What was Tagore’s educational background?
He studied law in London in 1877.
How many works did Tagore produce?
About 50 plays and 100 poetry collections.
What major award did Tagore win?
The Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913.
Who was Mahatma Gandhi?
A leader of the Indian independence movement known for nonviolent resistance.
What does “Mahatma” mean?
It means “great soul” in Hindu tradition.
What social class did Gandhi belong to?
The Vaishya class, which includes peasants and craftsmen.
Where did Gandhi study law?
In England.
Where did Gandhi experience racial discrimination?
In South Africa.
What method did Gandhi promote against British rule?
Peaceful resistance and nonviolent protest.
What economic action did Gandhi encourage?
Boycotting British goods.
What symbolic tools did Gandhi use?
A spinning wheel (spindle) and raising goats for self-sufficiency.
What was the Salt March?
A protest where Gandhi led people to make their own salt to resist British control.
What was Gandhi’s stance on Indian unity?
He supported unity under majority rule, which concerned Muslims.
How did Gandhi die?
He was assassinated.
Who was Muhammad Iqbal?
A Muslim thinker and poet representing Islamic and Western ideas.
What type of poetry did Iqbal write?
Sufi and philosophical poetry.
What role did Iqbal play in India?
He represented Muslim intellectual thought in the early 20th century.
Who was Muhammad Ali Jinnah?
A political leader representing Muslim interests in India.
Which political party did Jinnah first join?
The Indian National Congress in 1905.
Why did Jinnah leave the Congress Party?
He saw it as difficult to reconcile Hindu and Muslim differences.
Which party did Jinnah join after leaving Congress?
The Muslim League.
What demand did Jinnah make for Muslims?
He asked for one-third of parliamentary seats for Muslims.
Why did Jinnah go to Britain in 1930?
He lost hope in improving Muslim conditions in India.
What did Jinnah demand after returning to India?
The partition of India to create a separate Muslim state.
What country did Jinnah help create?
Pakistan.
What position did Jinnah hold in Pakistan?
He became its first President.
When did Jinnah die?
In 1948 at age 62.
What was the main result of partition?
India was divided into Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan.
What long-term effect did British rule have on Indian society?
It increased religious divisions and reshaped political identity.