intelligence

who is Edwin Boring

says intellegence is whatever intellgence tests measure

what is the defenition of intellegence

cognitive ability of an individual to learn from exprience, reason well, remember important infromation and cope with the demands of daily living

what types of reasoning guide scientific method

deductive and inductive reasoning

what are the two types of problem solving

deductive and inductive reasoning

what is deductive reasoning

forms ideas and general information to arrive at specific conclusions, helping create a hypothesis

what is inductive reasoning

solving from specific facts and infromation to a broader general idea, helping interpret data

what is functional fixedness

difficulty seeing alternative uses for common objects

what does reliability measure

measures the extent to which repeated testing produces consistent results

what is validity

measures the extent to which the trait is supposed to be measuring

what two things must good tests have?

both validity and relability

what did Galtons intelligence test measure

studied reaction times as a way of assessing intelligence

what is Welschler Scales Intelligence Scale

the most popular IQ test which has a child and adult version

what are IQ scores based on

based on results of large samples of individuals who have taken the test

if someone achieves the mean IQ score, what will their score be

100

who is Howard Garner

proposed multiple intelligence theory- which had 8 different kinds of intelligence

what are Howard Garners 8 types of intelligence

Verbal, Mathimatical, Musical, Spatial, Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalistic,

what correlation is IQ measures of identical twins

positive correlation of 0.8

what is the correlation of IQ measures on fraternal twins

positive correlation of 0.6

which would have higher correlation, fraternal twins raised together or apart

raised together have stronger positive correlation

how much % of IQ is genetics according to identical twin studies

73%

what is the flynn effect

the rising rate of IQ scores

how many points is the IQ scores increasing by per year according to the flynn effect

9-15 points per year

why does James Flynn think that the IQ scores are increasing throughout time

due to the increased access of internet, books and tv

what did piaget observe

observed that children are acitve learners and incorperate new info into ther minds. Piaget proposed the concept of schemas and that sensory development develops in 4 stages

what are schemas

a mental framework for interpreting the world around us

what is assimilation

when a child manipulates incoming information to make sense of their existing schema

what is accomidation

happens when the incoming info is incompatible with existing schema, the child must changes their schema through interacting with the enviornment

what are the rules of Piagets Stages of Sensory Development

each stage is categroized by specific abilities required, 1. child must undergo change in their schema before progressing onto the next stage, and 2. every child must undergo all stages in order

what is stage 1 of Piagets stages of sensory development called

Sensorimotor Stage

what are characteristics of sensorimotor stage

between the ages of 0-2 years, the child begins to recognize that they can interact with their envirnment

what is a major milestone of the sensorimotor stage

object premanence

what is object premanance

realization that objects continue to exist even if child cannot see the object

what is the second stage of piaget’s stages of sensory development called

preoperational stage

what are some characteristics of preoperational stage

occurs during ages 2-7 years old when child experiences egocentrism, seriation, reversible relationships and conservation

what is egocentrism

when a child cannot understand the world from a perspective that is not their own

what stage of Piaget’s stages of development is egocentrism in

stage 2- preoperational stage

what is seriation

the ability to order a series of projects

what stage of Piaget’s stages of development is Seriation in

stage 2- preoperational stage

what is reversible relationships

a child can comprehend relationships they have but cannot comprehend relationships that others have

what stage of Piagets stages of development is reversible relationships in

stage 2- preoperational stage

what is conservation

difculty with conservation tasks -understanding that certain properties of objects remain constant despite changes in appearence

what stage of Piaget’s stages of development is conservation in

stage 2- preoperational stage

what is stage 3 of Piaget’s stages of developement called

concrete operational stage

what characteristics are in the concrete operational stage

happening at around 7-12 years old, child schemas are still concrete and based on their own expeirences, they struggle to think reason based

what is the fourth stage of Piagets stages of development called

formal operational stage

what are charactersitics of formal operational stage

happens after 12 years old, when a child can think abstractly, has adult cognitive abilties, understand theoretical world and may show interest in games/shows with roleplay/fantesy

what are critisims of Piaget

some children develop skills out of order, most abilites rely heavily on language abilities, there is focus on language abilites rather than intellegence

what is conformation bias

our tendency to seek out info that supports our opinion

what is one way someone can show they are conforming to conformation bias

follow up questions

what is an availability heuristic

our tendency to make decisions based on the infromation that is most readily available to us

what is a limitation of availability heuristic

heavy reliance on how easy an example comes to mind ( as they are based on prototypes)

what is repersentitivness herustic

our tendency to assume what we are seeing is repersenttive of the larger category

what is a limitation of repersentitive heaurstic

not all category memebrs are the same