the lAte middle agessss

Simony

The practice of selling or buying positions or privileges within the church.

Curia

The court of the Pope and his advisors within the Church.

Friars

Members of certain religious orders who lived and worked among the general public in towns and cities.

Gothic Style

Architectural style characterized by pointed spires, large stained glass windows, flying buttresses, and ribbed vaults.

Crusades

Series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control.

Inquisition

Church courts used to investigate and suppress heresy, often involving interrogation and torture.

Bubonic Plague

A deadly disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, transmitted through fleas infesting rats.

Danse Macabre

An artistic style reflecting the themes of death and mortality, often personified as a skeleton or reaper.

Magna Carta

A document signed by King John of England in 1215, limiting the power of the monarchy and guaranteeing certain rights to nobles.

Model Parliament

The legislative body in England that included representatives from nobles, clergy, knights, and common citizens, established by Edward I.

Appeals Court

A judicial body that can reverse decisions made by local judges.

Lay Investiture

The power to appoint and install bishops in office, leading to conflicts between emperors and popes.

Estates-General

Established in 1302 in France, similar to the English Parliament, consisting of clergy, nobles, and commoners.

Hundred Years War

A conflict between France and England from 1337 to 1453 over land rights in France.

Commercial Revolution

The expansion of trade, banking, and urbanization leading to the decline of feudalism in Europe.

Guilds

Organizations in medieval towns that regulated economic activities, provided social services, and controlled trade.

Scholasticism

A way of thinking that used reason to understand faith, popularized by Thomas Aquinas in the Middle Ages.

Agricultural Revolution

Innovations in farming techniques and tools that increased food production and population growth in Europe.

Joan of Arc

A French peasant girl who led the French army to victory against the English during the Hundred Years War.

Revival of Learning

The recovery and translation of Greek works, leading to the spread of knowledge and the rise of universities in Europe.