AP Psychology Exam

May 12th at 12am: pages 8-14

Peer Relationships with time

Children engage with play: Parallel play,imaginary audience, personal fable, social clock

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

1-3 years, learn to exercise their will

initiative versus guilt

3-6 years, learn to Initiate tasks and carry out plans

industry versus inferiority

6-puberty, Learn what you are good or accomplish at

identity versus role confusion

adolescence to 20’s, refine a sense of self by testing roles and forming an identity

intimacy versus isolation

20-40 years, form close relationships and gain capacity for love

generativity versus stagnation

40-60 years, discover sense of contributing to the world through family and work

Integrity versus despair

60 + years, Reflect on your life feel satisfaction or failure

Moratorium

Actively seeking an identity no commitment though

identity achievement

committed sense of self desire to accomplish and contribute

Adverse childhood experiences (ACE’s)

stressful traumatic events during childhood - impacted relationships and health

micro system

Immediate environment with daily interaction

Mesosystem

Relationships between Microsystem

exosystem

Environment you're not directly a part of that's still impacts you

maerosystem

Societal and cultural influences

chronosystem

Life stage in historical events

Unconditional stimulus (UCS)

causes response without needing to be learned

Unconditioned response (UCR)

response that naturally occurs without training

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Sing that now brings about a response

Conditioned response (CR)

response after conditioning follows a CS

Continguity

timing of the pairing NS/ CS must be presented .5-1 seconds before the US

Acquisition

Process of learning the response pairing

Extinction

Previously conditioned response dies over time

Spontaneous recovery

After a period of time the CR comes back out of nowhere

Higher order conditioning

When the original CS is paired with the second thing - becomes a new CS

condition taste aversion ( one trial learning)

And it predispositions can allow classical conditioning to occur in one trial due to biological preparedness - predisposed to react to Dangerous biological threats

Generalization

respond to similar stimuli expecting similar results

Shaping

Use successive approximations to train Behavior

Partial reinforcement schedule

Very how often the response is given - strengthens responses and takes longer to extinguish

fixed ratio schedule

Reward every ex-number of responses

Fixed interval schedule

reward every x amount of time passed

Variable interval schedule

Rewarded after a random amount of time has passed

Learned helplessness

No matter what you do you never get a positive outcome so you give up

Modeling behaviors

Children model behaviors study used BoBo dolls to demonstrate

vicarious conditioning

Form of observational learning watch another get a consequence and learn - don't do that!

Create cognitive Maps

Mental representation of an area, allows navigation if blocked

insight learning

Some learning is through simple intuition - AHA! moment

Attributions

How people explain Behavior and mental processes of themselves and others

Dispositional attribution

Persons internal qualities - personality

Situational attribution

External circumstances

Attribution Theory

We explain behaviors by creating the situation or the person's internal disposition ( personality)

Fundamental attribution error

Blame a person's disposition ( personality ) and not consider the situation

Actor Observer bias

When it's others - blame the person, when it's you blame the situation

Upward comparison

Compared to people you think are better than you

Downward comparison

compared to someone you think is worse off you

relative deprivation

Judge what we are lacking relative to others

External locus of control

Chance/ outside forces control your fate

internal locus

Control your own fate

Mere exposure effect

Repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Implicit attitudes

Unconscious bias

In group bias

Tend to favor own group

Ethoscentrism

tendency to see your own culture/ religion as more important than others

Out group homogeneity bias

Perception that out-group members are similar while the in-group members are diverse

belief perseverance

Stick to your original belief even when given evidence to disprove it

Cognitive dissonance

Two opposing thoughts conflict with each other causing discomfort which makes us find ways to justify the situation

normative social influence

We conformed to gain approval or to not stand out from a group

Central Route to persuasion

peripheral route to persuasion

Change people's attitudes through incidental cues can also use emotional appeals leads to temporary Behavior changes (halo effect)

Foot in the door phenomenon

Complying with a small request then leads to going along with a larger request

Door in the face phenomenon

A large request is shut down when it leads you to be more likely to comply with a small request

Deindividuation

Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in a group situations that encourage anonymity

Social loafing

Tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their effort together

Social facilitation

Perform better on simple or well-earned tasks in the presence of others

False consensus effect

We overestimate the degree to which everyone else thinks/acts the way we do

superordinante goals

Two or more groups work together to achieve a common goal, creates cohesiveness

social trap

People put their own needs before the group needs resulting in a bad outcome

Industrial/ organizational psychology

Psych place of work - best practices , relationships in the workplace/ with company, how you feel about job, burnout

Social reciprocity Norm

we give so we can get

Social responsibility Norm

Acton weighs that benefit the community

ID

Hidden true wants and desires ( devil on your shoulder)

Super ego

Our moral conscious ( angel on your shoulder)

Ego

Part of the Mind/ personality that deals with everyday reality - what people see - mediates between the ID and super ego

Projective tests

Ambiguous stimuli shown to “ reveal your unconscious” - inkblots and thematic apperception tests highly subjective not considered reliable or valid

self-Actualization

fulfilling your full potential as a person- self-Actualizing people are self-aware, caring,, spontaneous, open, secure

Reciprocal determinism

Interaction of behavior, cognition’s , an environment make up you

Self-Efficiency

Belief that one can succeed , so you ensure you do through actions

Self-Concept

How you view yourself in relation to others - which influences your triangle and self-efficiency

Instinct Theory

Innate, fixed patterns in response to stimuli

Yerkes Dodson law

Human seek Optimum levels of arousal - easier tasks requires more arousal , harder tasks need less, best is moderate levels

sensation seeking Theory

Need a varied amount of novel (new) experiences to be happy so we seek out four types

experience seeking

thrill/adventure seeking

disinhibition

boredom susceptibility

Hunger

Biology of hunger: lepin= stop eating, ghrelin= start eating

psych of hunger: Environmental cues=Time of day, Social Gatherings, Etc , Memory= Amnesia patients don't remember when they ate so they'll eat again

general adaptation syndrome

Three phases of a stress response

Alarm

Temperature, shock, flight / fight/freeze

Resistance

Immune system enhanced coping

Exhaustion

The body gives up most likely to get sick

problem faced coping

Solving or doing something to alter the course of stress ( to do list, time management , ask for help)

Emotion focused coping

Managing emotions when stressed ( meditation, exercise)

biopsychosocial

Combines bio, psych, in sociocultural factors

Ecleectic

most people use more than one perspective for treatment

defining

Emotional stimulus - thalamus- cortex or amygdala - emotional response

Abnormal Behavior

Based on level of dysfunction, is there perception of distress , Deindividuation from social norms

DSM

Published by APA

ICM

Published by WHO

persistent depressive Disorder

Long-Term “ less severe” depression

Biology

Lower levels of serotonin and norepinephrine linked to depression, higher levels of norepinephrine linktomania , runs in family suggesting jeans twin studies also support this

Acute schizophrenia

Severe episodes with normal functioning in between

Chronic schizophrenia

Repeated episodes with decreased functioning

Disorganized motor Behavior

Excited Catatonia sudden / unpredictable movement

Flat affect

Lack ability to show emotions

Disorganized motor Behavior

Catatonic stupor become frozen/ unmoving over periods of time