Week 3- anxiety disorders

What is the primary difference between fear and anxiety?

Fear is a response to an immediate, certain threat, while anxiety is a response to an uncertain or distant threat.

What emotional response does fear trigger?

The 'fight-or-flight' response.

How are anxiety disorders categorized in the HiTOP model?

They are conceptualized as dimensional, ranging from mild to severe.

In the DSM-5, which disorders are no longer classified as anxiety disorders?

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

What are the two systems involved in the neurobiology of anxiety?

The Subcortical (Defensive) System and the Cortical (Cognitive) System.

Which brain structures are primarily involved in the Subcortical (Defensive) System?

The amygdala and the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis (BNST).

What role does the amygdala play in anxiety?

It processes imminent, present threats.

What is the function of the BNST in the context of anxiety?

It is engaged when threats are uncertain or distal.

What does the Cortical (Cognitive) System involve?

Higher-order association cortex (prefrontal and parietal areas) and insula, responsible for conscious feelings of fear and anxiety.

What is the global prevalence of anxiety disorders?

Approximately 14% over a 12-month period.

Which gender is more likely to be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder?

Women are roughly twice as likely as men.

At what age does the onset of anxiety disorders typically occur?

In childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood.

What is a major early-life risk factor for anxiety disorders?

Behavioral inhibition (a withdrawn or inhibited temperament).

What environmental factors increase the risk of anxiety disorders?

Adverse childhood experiences and episodic life stressors.

What are the core diagnostic features of Specific Phobia?

Marked fear/anxiety about a specific object or situation for 6+ months.

What characterizes Panic Disorder?

Recurrent unexpected panic attacks followed by persistent worry about future attacks.

What is Agoraphobia?

Fear/avoidance of situations where escape might be difficult, often comorbid with Panic Disorder.

What is Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)?

Fear of scrutiny or negative evaluation in social or performance situations for 6+ months.

What defines Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

Excessive, difficult-to-control worry about various domains for 6+ months.

What is the first-line treatment for anxiety disorders?

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT).

What are the components of CBT?

Psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, and exposure therapy.

What medications are preferred as first-line treatment for anxiety?

SSRIs and SNRIs due to their efficacy and safety.

What is a second-line treatment for acute anxiety symptoms?

Benzodiazepines, though discouraged for long-term use.

What is the role of D-cycloserine in anxiety treatment?

It has been studied to enhance the effects of exposure therapy.

What is an effective alternative for those with limited access to face-to-face care?

Internet-based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT).